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REL 121 Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Apocrypha | Collection of Jewish writings considered canonical by Jews of th time but not by Protestant Christians, composed between 200BCE & 100CE, included in manuscripts of LXX, Roman Catholics & Orthodox follow this, witness to faith of Jews throughout Diaspora |
| Aqedah | "The binding", one of the most influential OT stories, places the promise of descendants @ risk. Literary perspective: story full of tension & suspense. Often portrayed in art & music. |
| Ark of the Covenant | God's presence among his people, sacred object that accompanies Israelites into battle in the book of Joshua |
| Baal | Canaanite god, Elijah hosts a public contest between Yahweh and Baal on Mt. Carmel |
| Book of the Covenant | Based upon other ANE law codes: Eshnunna Laws, Code of Hammurabi, Hittite Laws. Israel shapes these codes around its own values. Repaying wrongs but also concerns for the outcast |
| Cain and Abel | Consequences of the Fall, discusses the theme of human violence, first murder, key verse= Genesis 4:7 You can be a master of sin. Story assumes existence of universal moral law. Who is Cain frightened will kill him? |
| Canaan | “Nahalah”: portion, inheritance, God gave the land of Canaan to his people |
| Canon | the official list of documents that a religious community accepts as authoritative and binding |
| Creation Account #1 | Panoramic overview of creation, "Elohim", God as majestically transcendent (cosmic organizer), characterized by literary symmetry & repetition |
| Creation Account #2 | zoomed in (close-up view), "Yahweh Elohim" (LORD God), God more imminent (involved in human scene), anthropological terms, God described w/ human characteristics |
| Dagon | Philistine god, temple destroyed by Samson |
| David | God promises to make his name great, line of kings, land, David's son will build his temple. Unconditional, secure dwelling for Israel, father-son relationship & loving kindness would not depart from David's line (2 Sam 7) |
| Day of Yahweh | When God judges the nations & vindicates his people |
| Dead Sea | Lowest point on Earth @ 1275 feet below sea level (in Jordan Rift) |
| Decalogue | 10 Commandments |
| Deuteronomistic History | Rigorous insistence that faithfulness to YHWH brings national prosperity while disloyalty brings disaster. |
| Documentary Hypothesis | Most famous theory for composition of Pentateuch, argues that it had been compiled from 4 different sources (JEDP), credits very little historical value to the Pentateuch, anti-supernaturalistic |
| Elohim | Less intimate name for God |
| Ex Eventu | Enforces that another prophecy will happen because it was reinforced by "predicting" something that already took place |
| Flood Narrative | Several ANE cultures had accounts of a divine flood. Main point: when humans destroy the moral basis of society, they endanger that society. Lawlessness & violence bring about destruction. God creates a covenant w/ Noah (& all humanity) as a new beginning |
| Former Prophets | Recount history from conquest of Canaan to fall of southern kingdom. Joshua, Judges, 1&2 Samuel, 1&2 Kings |
| Hebrew Bible | TaNaKh (Torah, Nevi'im, Kethuvim) |
| Hellenism | Widespread diffusion of Greek language, literature, philosophy, art, social customs, & religion |
| Hezekiah | Reign marked by robust religious reform, military victories, & covenant faithfulness |
| Inerrancy | The Bible is wholly without error in everything it addresses (theology, ethics, scientific/historical truth |
| Infallibility | Scripture will not fail us in what it intends to teach us about God, creation, their relation, & how we are to live. |
| Isaac | "He laughs" |
| Jacob | Tricks Esau & deceives Isaac. Jacob=Israel & Esau=Edom |
| Jeremiah | Prophesies the Babylonians will conquer them (retribution theology), encourages surrender, Jeremiah 31=hopeful vision |
| Jeroboam | King of Israel (Northern Kingdom) |
| Jerusalem | Capital of Judah |
| Jordan River | at the center of the Jordan Rift |
| Joshua | Moses' successor, Israel conquers, divides, & begins to settle into the land. Typology: Joshua as the new Moses (study of various symbols or types, popular technique to draw parallels & connections between different historical figures/events) |
| Josiah | Previous kings not following God, book of the Law found (Deuteronomy?) led to a realization of not following God. Tearing down altars to other gods (covenant renewal & last godly king) |
| Judah | smaller & poorer than Israel, but remain loyal to the Davidic dynasty & its sanctuary |
| Kethuvim | Writings: poetry & wisdom literature, narrative literature, apocalyptic literature |
| Manasseh | Judah's most wicked king; the fall of Jerusalem is blamed on him (2 Kings) |
| Monotheism | Belief in one God |
| Mosaic/Sinai Covenant | Made to all the people of Israel, series of laws & rules (10 Commandments), conditional, formal, close parallels w/ ANE treaties |
| Moses | Israel’s first great leader/lawgiver, leading figure in 4 the Torah books |
| Mount Sinai | Where God made his covenant with the Israelites |
| Nebuchadnezzar | King of Babylonians who led attack on Judah |
| Nevi'im | The Prophets |
| Noah | Told to be fruitful & multiply, humans can now kill & eat animals (satisfies human tendency towards death) but they must be treated w/ respect. All life is sacred & full of dignity. All killing will be accountable to God. He will never send another flood. |
| Passover | Festival that celebrates the Israelite's exodus from Egypt |
| Patriarchs | Abraham, Isaac, Jacob |
| Pentateuch | Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy (5 Scrolls) |
| Primeval History | Israel's pre-history, how the world came to be, all great ANE civilizations had origins stories (Genesis 1-11). Creation, Adam & Eve, The Fall, Cain & Abel, Adam to Noah, Flood & Noah, Table of Nations, Tower of Babel, Shemites |
| Qoheleth | Teacher |
| Rehoboam | Solomon's son, King of Judah |
| Retribution Theology | Faithfulness leads to prosperity but unfaithfulness leads to exile |
| Samson | Seeks his own pursuits, but God can use even the most flawed people Nazirites: abstain from alcoholic drinks, eat only ritually clean foods, and can’t cut their hair |
| Sarah | Abraham's wife |
| Saul | Israel's first king |
| Septuagint | Greek translation of OT, tells about Judaism during 2nd Temple period, version used by NT authors (Bible 4 early church), debates concerning church doctrine pulled from LXX, many W Christians are unaware of it, impact of reformation (based on Hebrew text) |
| Shechem | Where Israelite tribes assemble to renew their covenant vows with Yahweh |
| Solomon | Built the Temple, David's son |
| Tabernacle | Introduced in Exodus 25, God's dwelling place; a large tent, God's way of living in the midst of his people, mobile because the Israelites were nomadic at this point, climax in Exodus when it is built & God dramatically enters (ch. 40) |
| TaNaKh | Torah, Nevi'im, Kethuvim (does not include Septuagint) |
| Temple | God's sacred dwelling place |
| Ten Commandments | Biblical laws given to the Israelites in Exodus |
| Torah | The first five books of the Bible (instruction), aka the Pentateuch |
| Tower of Babel | Highlights the pride & arrogant rebellion of humanity. "Ziggurat" a stepped tower found on many ancient Mesopotamian temples. "Babylon"=Mesopotamia's most important city. "Gate of God". It becomes a confusion of speech. |
| Yahweh | Divine name (or Jehovah) |
| Apocalyptic Literature Features | visions, pseudonyms, eschatology, dualism |
| Apocalyptic Visions | Symbols & metaphors, dreams, often angelic guides help understand |
| Apocalyptic Pseudonyms | Under the name of a famous, long-dead person having a vision (told through a lens, builds meaning) |
| Apocalyptic Eschatology | Study of the end of the world, focus on everything leading to an ultimate end |
| Apocalyptic Dualism | Categorize things into 2 groups Spatial, Temporal, Ethical |
| Spatial dualism | Present physical reality & spiritual reality. The spiritual reality impacts us (what happens there affects what happens here). |
| Temporal Dualism | Current present age (evil) & a future age where God will punish the wicked & restore the righteous |
| Ethical Dualism | Wicked vs. righteous (black & white view), no in between |
| Covenants | Abrahamic, Mosaic, Davidic, Noah |
| Covenant w/ Noah | New beginning, told to be fruitful/x (recall Gen 1:28), humans can now kill & eat animals (satisfies human tendency toward death-they must be treated w/ respect) All life=sacred /full of dignity, all killing accountable to God, no more worldwide floods |
| Covenant w/ Abraham | 3 main promises: blessing, land, & descendants |
| Covenant w/ Moses Outline | Ch. 19 Setting the stage Ch. 21-23 Book of the Covenant Ch. 24 The Binding Ritual |
| Covenant w/ David Similarities & Differences | Land, blessing, descendants, making a name great God speaks through Nathan (not directly to David) |
| Hebrew Poetry | About 1/3 of Hebrew Bible Adam's verse about Eve's creation-Gen 2:23), Miriam's song @ Sea of Reeds (Ex 15:21), Deborah's victory hymn (Judges 5:1-31), David's lament over Jonathan (2 Sam 1:19-27) Much of Isaiah, Ezekiel, Nahum, etc. |
| Characteristics of Hebrew Poetry | Parallelism, echoing & extending, chiasm, acrostic, personification |
| Types of Parallelism | Synonymous, antithetical, synthetic/progressive |
| Synonymous Parallelism | Repetition of the same or similar thought (Psalm 19:1, Proverbs 9:10). Sometimes the verbal idea is missing but implied (Psalm 24:1) |
| Antithetical Parallelism | 2 lines stand in contrast to each other; one line makes a statement, the next line states the opposite (Psalm 1:6, Proverbs 10:4) |
| Synthetic/Progressive Parallelism | The second line completes a thought the first line left incomplete (Psalm 25:18, Ecclesiastes 11:1) |
| Echoing | Word or phrase responds in a ping-pong manner to a word or phrase. Ex. Day, night; sing, praise; up from Sheol, down to the pit |
| Extending | Builds on a continuous thought. Ex. The decrees of the Lord are sure, making wise the simple |
| Echoing & Extending | Often both happen @ the same time (Psalm 92:6) "A brutish man knoweth not; Neither doth a fool understand this" |
| Chiasm | When successive lines of poetry reverse the order in which parallel themes appear (A-B-B1-A1) Ex. Psalm 8 God's excellent name (1) God's rule (1-3) Humanity's smallness (4) Humanity's greatness (5) Humanity's rule (6-8) God's excellent name (9) |
| Acrostic | Alphabetic poems, 1st letter of each line is the next successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet (ex. Psalm 119, Proverbs 31:10-31) |
| Personification | Giving a human attribute to an idea or abstract concept (Proverbs 4: wisdom as a woman) |
| Types of Psalms | hymns, penitential, wisdom, royal, messianic, imprecatory, lament |
| Types of Psalms: Hymn | Song of praise for God, corporate worship setting (Psalm 8) |
| Types of Psalms: Penitential | Confession of sin & asking for grace & forgiveness (Psalm 38) |
| Types of Psalms: Wisdom | Timeless truths about the world & how to live in it (Psalm 1) |
| Types of Psalms: Royal | Focus on life & character of the king & God's promises to David (Psalm 2) |
| Types of Psalms: Messianic | Focus on God's promised deliverer-David's line? Coming of Christ (Psalm 16) |
| Types of Psalms: Imprecatory | Ask God to punish enemies & judge wrongdoers (Psalm 35) |
| Types of Psalms: Lament | Crying out to God about their condition & affliction, statement of trust in God & affirmation of his greatness (Psalm |
| Why 2 Creation Accounts? | complement each other: give a full pic of God (both transcendent & imminent), Genesis 2 focuses on 1 day, ex of theory behind doc hypothesis (Gen 1 from E doc, Gen 2 from J doc). Main point: Israel's God is the creator, humans are made in his image |
| English Old Testament Order | Pentateuch, Historical Books, Wisdom Literature, Prophetic Literature |
| The Book of Kings presents a portrait of King Manasseh as evil but repentant and ultimately faithful to God at the end. | False |
| "Latter Prophets" | Biblical books attributed to prophetic figures |
| This type of biblical criticism is concerned with manuscripts and recreating the original autographs of biblical texts. | textual criticism |
| Diaspora | The scattering of the Jews to various parts of the ancient world after the destruction of Judah. |
| Epochs of Ancient Israel's History | Time of the Judges, United Monarchy, Divided Monarchy, Babylonian Exile |
| Order of Empires who controlled Israel | Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Greeks |
| Which creatures prevent Adam & Eve's return to the garden? | Cherubim |
| Proclamation of Faith (Hebrew) | Shema |
| Serpent is explicitly identified as evil in Genesis. | False |
| Deuteronomy | Reforms unequal treatment of male and female slaves, provides the rules & structure for the Former prophets |
| Theophany | Appearance of Yahweh to his people (ex. Moses & the burning bush, Joshua) |
| Which body of water does Joshua part? | Jordan River |
| Judges | Deborah=prophetess |
| Isaiah | God promises universal peace |
| Most prophetic messages relate specifically to... | the present |
| Ecstatic Prophecy | Use of music to commune with God, emotional seizures, lying on animal skins |
| What function did the Latter prophets primarily fulfill with their utterances? | Truth-teller |
| What metaphors did the prophets use to describe Yahweh's feelings for Israel? | Father/husband |
| Which book of wisdom endorses the Deuteronomistic view of God's just universes? | Proverbs |
| Book of Job | Only God knows wisdom's hiding place, roots throughout Near Eastern wisdom literature (particularly in Egypt & Mesopotamia) |
| Proverbs | Highlights the value of generational knowledge transmission, and commonly presents traditional wisdom as parental advice. |
| 1&2 Chonicles | Substantially revised portrayals of kings: erases all of David's questionable behaviors (ideal), portrays Josiah's death differently by showing Egyptian Pharaoh Necho as Yahweh's oracle. |
| Alexander the Great | Famous figure who transformed the Near East through a series of mid-fourth century BCE conquests & military victories. |
| Daniel | Read minds, future sight, dream interpretation |
| Antiochus IV Epiphanes | Made the lives of Palestinian Jews rapidly worse. |
| Concepts of an afterlife | Prominent in apocalyptic works, but don't appear frequently elsewhere in the Bible. |
| Book of 1 Maccabees | Jewish struggles against enforced hellenization |
| Book of 2 Maccabees | First description of religious martyrdom |
| Ancient Near East | Modern day Middle East |
| Ancient Israel | Small, but strategically place (Fertile Crescent) |
| Fertile Crescent 3 Main Sections | Mesopotamia, Egypt, Syria-Palestine |
| Mesopotamia | "The land between rivers" (Tigris & Euphrates), E of Persian Gulf, N&W towards Mediterranean Sea, story of Israel begins & ends here, Sumerians (3500BCE) founded the earliest cities, wheels (travel & trade), irrigation, cuneiform (early form of writing) |
| Egypt | NE coast of Africa along Nile River, relatively secluded from the outside world, history overlaps with Israel's several times, Egypt left a cultural impression on them |
| Syria-Palestine | Between Mesopotamia & Egypt along the Coast of the Mediterranean Sea, primary significance=a land bridge along Fertile Crescent, divided into 4 regions (coastal plains, central hill country, Jordan rift, transjordan highlands) |
| Coastal Plains (West) | Narrow in North but gradually widens out, easy water access, Southern area home to Philistines |
| Central Hill Country | Ridge of hills, 4 main regions, highest point=Mt Hermon, difficult to go E to W, major road ran N to S between the hills of Ephraim and the Judean hill country, many major cities along this road (Bethel, Jerusalem, Bethlehem) |
| Jordan Rift | Main topographical feature, deep depression in the earth's surface, center of rift is Jordan River, Dead Sea (lowest point on Earth) |
| Transjordan Highlands (East) | Rises sharply into a plateau and eventually gives way to the Arabian desert, closely tied to it (made agriculture & settled life difficult) |
| J Document | Earliest source, uses divine name "Yahweh" (or Jehovah), simplistic narrative style, God presented in anthropomorphic terms (humanlike) |
| E Document | Written to correct J, later the 2 were combined (JE), uses less intimate "Elohim" for God, no anthropomorphic language, prose is more formal |
| D Document | Written in Judah after destruction of the northern kingdom, meant to reinforce the cultic purity of Judah's worship, stresses importance of worship of God ("Elohim" and "Yahweh") alone, updated & corrected JE, later combined (JED) |
| P Document | Written during exile, legal material concerning priests & sacrifices, emphasizes awesomeness of God. Combined with JED sometime after 400BCE |
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ashlyl28