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C4 Crime
Preventing Crime
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does a Left Realist argue that Crime can be Prevented by Restoring Trust in Police Ability? | People have lost confidence and respect for police due to low success rates. Police need to increase clear up rates to restore respect for police and laws, so people choose not to commit crime |
| What is an evaluation of Restore Trust in Police Ability? | Critical Race Theorists: Debate over which crimes should be studied seriously, white collar, corporate, state and green crime have much more impact on society than street crime |
| How does a Left Realist argue that that Reduced Military Style Policing will Prevent Crime? | Aggressive stop and searches, CCTV, patrolling cars, etc, cause antagonism within communities, who see the police as an invading military, incentivising them to be deviant and defiant. An increase in friendly, local community focused police is needed |
| What is an evaluation of Reduced Military Style Policing? | Right Realist: Debate over the best way to prevent crime, increasing benefits and softer police will encourage laziness and criminality |
| How does a Left Realist argue that Tolerance to Different Lifestyles will Prevent Crime? | Police need to tolerate different lifestyles and ethnic backgrounds, who often only break norms, not laws. Community Safety Partnerships can join the police with the council, to ensure they are educated and not offended by different norms and values |
| What is an evaluation of Tolerance for Different Lifestyles? | Canteen Culture: Impossible to teach police tolerance as they are homogenous and all agree that norms that do not align with their own are deviant and criminal |
| How does a Left Realist argue that Reduced Social Deprivation will Prevent Crime? | Increased funding to deprived areas (such as youth leisure centres and job centres), help for the homeless, larger food banks, and increased benefits would reduce the poverty that causes crime |
| What is an evaluation of Reduce Social Deprivation? | Marxist: Debate over the true cause of crime, policy to reduce poverty will never actually reduce immiseration whilst the powerful still benefit from poverty and exploit the working class |
| How does a Right Realist argue that Zero Tolerance towards Deviance will Prevent Crime? | Crime is caused when small incivilities and visible disorder builds into larger law breaking. Immediate and harsh punishment for even legal norm breaking maintains the social control of an area, preventing crime |
| What is an evaluation of Zero Tolerance? | Many incivilities are dependent on individuals norms and values, what is an incivility to the police may be normal to some ethnic minorities or working class people |
| How does a Right Realist argue that Increased Guardians will Prevent Crime? | Crime is an everyday routine activity that occurs when there is a target, no 'Guardian' to prevent crime, and an offender present. Increased police on patrol and neighbourhood watch schemes increase guardians, preventing crime |
| What is an evaluation of Increased Guardians? | Crime is not prevented, it is just pushed to more disadvantaged areas that do not have guardians to protect them |
| How does the Right Realist theory of Rational Choice and Reduced Opportunities, explain how Crime can be Prevented? | Criminals are rational, and commit crime when the pros outweigh the costs. To prevent crime, we need to decrease the benefits of committing crime, and make the negatives worse, through target hardening and harsher sentences |
| What is an evaluation of Rational Choice and Reduced Opportunities? | Left Realists: Debate over the best way to prevent crime, decreasing benefits and harsher policing will encourage poverty and resentment towards law enforcement |
| How do Right Realists argue that creating more Responsible Parents will Prevent Crime? | Parents need to take responsibility for socialising their children into the norms of society better. Parenting Orders can make the parents of young offenders take parenting classes and fine can encourage parents to send their children to school |
| What is an evaluation of Responsible Parents? | Parents no longer have influence over their children, it is New Media and Subcultures that teach children to adopt criminal norms |
| How do Right Realists argue that Community Programmes will Prevent Crime? | Encourage communities to have many individuals providing high levels of informal social control. Schemes like neighbourhood watch encourage individuals to report if they see any anti social behaviour |
| What is an evaluation of Community Programmes? | Communities that see petty crime as normal, such as hustling subcultures, would not make change to prevent crime as it is not seen as an issue to them |
| How do Right Realists argue that Monitoring Offenders will Prevent Crime? | Supervision, electronic tags, registers and curfews can be used to monitor and restrict where individuals can go, reducing opportunities for crime |
| What is an evaluation of Monitoring Offenders? | Interactionists: Debate over the effectiveness of harsh punishments, which will cause deviancy amplification and criminal labels, rather than reducing crime |
| What Type of People tend to be Victims of Violence? | Young, unemployed or low wage, males - 88% of victims of violence knew the offender |
| What Type of People tend to be Victims of Property Crime? | People with low income who live in poor and deprived areas of the UK - |
| What are the Statistics of Repeat Victimisation? | 20% of burgled houses are burgled multiple times, 0.4% of houses account for 22% of burglaries |
| What are Direct Effects of Victimisation? | Immediate negative effects: physical harm, financial loss, human right violation, etc |
| What are Indirect Health Effects of Victimisation? | Long term gradual effects: anger, depression, anxiety, feelings of powerlessness, PTSD, etc |
| What are Restriction of Movement Effects of Victimisation? | Feeling like you are unable to go or return to an area |
| What is Secondary Victimisation? | Negative effects as a result of reporting being the victim of a crime: social exclusion, threats, marginalisation |
| What are the Patterns of Victimisation? | Younger People, Ethnic Minorities, Males, Working Class |
| What is Inverse Victimisation? | Those with the most are least likely to be victims, and those with the least are most likely to be victims |
| What are the Three Victimology Theories used to explain why some people are more likely to be Victims of Crime? | Positivist Victimology, Critical Victimology, Social Construction of Victims |
| What is Positivist Victimology? | The characteristics and behaviours of individuals make them more or less likely to be victims of crime, studied by measuring the characteristics and behaviours of people who were victims |
| What are Three evaluations of Positivist Victimology? | 1. It blames the victims rather than the offenders, 2. It ignores the role of the CJS in not preventing crime, 3. It focuses on visible recorded crime and ignores potentially more serious invisible crimes |
| What is Critical Victimology? | The structures and institutions of society cause victimisation. Society creates structural powerlessness: the exploited and oppressed are unable to prevent themselves from becoming victims. The powerful often blame the victim for their situation |
| What are Two evaluations for Critical Victimology? | 1. Not everyone who is a victim considers themselves to be a victim, being a victim is not an objective fact, 2. Women are oppressed, yet are less likely to be victims of a crime than men |
| What is the Social Construction of Victims Theory? | Interactionists argue that the idea of 'victims' are a social construct. Individuals' experiences and interpretations will affect whether themselves or another individual is considered a victim or not, therefore we cannot explain why someone is a victim |
| What is an evaluation of Social Construction of Victims? | There are consistent, stable, objective patterns of victimhood that suggest the relationship between groups and institutions best explains victimisation |
| What was Punishment like in the past? | Public, localised, brutal and bodily |
| What is Punishment like now? | Private, pervasive, disciplinary and mental |
| What is the role of the Criminal Justice System? | Deterrence (Convincing people to not commit crimes), Public Protection (Preventing people from being victims), Retribution (Discipling people for committing a crime), Rehabilitation (Training people so they do not commit more crime) |
| What are Three evaluations of the Criminal Justice System? | 1. Prison seems to encourage recidivism, 2. Not all crimes are punished equally or in relation to the severity of the crime, 3. Stop and Searches often don't end in arrest, and many arrests do not end in prosecution |
| How does a Functionalist argue that Punishment helps to Maintain Social Order? | Punishments are a reflection of collective values, and maintains a stable value consensus. Punishment shouldn't prevent all crime as crime has positive benefits and individuals who are of importance are punished less as they maintain stability |
| What is an evaluation of Punishment Maintains Social Order? | Consensus vs Conflict: Institutions an social structures do not benefit everyone, they only benefit a few |
| How does a Marxist argue that Punishment helps Maintain Ruling Class Interests? | Selective law enforcement means that the ruling class are not punished equally to the working class and most punishments focus on property crime as the ruling class care about their property |
| According to a Marxist, what is Punishment used for in an Industrialised Society? | In modern industrialised societies, labour requires diverse specialised skills and takes years of training, so punishment is now focused on training criminals to become exploitable workers again |
| What is an evaluation for Punishment Maintains Ruling Class Interest? | Critical Race Theorists: It focuses too heavily on the worling class and ignores the impact of race and ethnicity on the CJS |
| According to Foucalt, how has Punishment changed from Sovereign Power to Discipline Power? | Punishment used to reflect the ruler of the societies absolute power over everything, including people's lives and bodies, now, leaders rule through the will of the people, rather than through power and physical force |
| According to Foucalt, how is Society now like a Panopticon? | The state changed punishment to discipline, surveillance and control, this causes 'internalised control' and self discipline amongst society as people are unaware whether or not they are being watched so avoid committing crimes |
| What is an evaluation of Sovereign Power to Discipline Power? | Modernist vs Post Modernist: Society is too uncertain to determine how and why punishment is carried out the way that it is |
| According to the Interactionist, Braithwaite, what is Disintegrative and Reintegrative Shaming? | Disintegrative: Applying the deviant label to the individual, Reintegrative: Applying the deviant label to the action committed. Disintegrative shaming is used to frequently, dehumanising the criminal and encouraging higher recidivism |
| What is an evaluation of Disintegrative and Reintegrative Shaming? | Structuralist vs Interactionist: Is society best explained through interactions of individuals, or the relationships between groups and institutions? |
| What is Surveillance? | The monitoring and recording of individuals behaviour. It is used to control individuals behaviour and has become easier due to the increase in digital new media |
| According to Foucalt, how do we live in a Surveillance Society? | A society which increases surveillance to increase control. Society is now like an 'electric panopticon' where new media encourages self discipline and the change of peoples ideologies due to the fear of being constantly monitored |
| What is an evaluation of Surveillance Society? | Post Modernist: A Individuals are now able to choose their own justice, consuming their own CCTV, home defence, using social media etc |
| According to Feely and Simon, what is Actuarial Justice? | Data taken from surveillance is used to place individuals into 'categorial suspicions', calculating the risk of an individual committing future crime based on their social groups. Crime is prevented by surveilling high risk groups |
| What is an evaluation of Actuarial Justice? | Right Realists: The public want increased CCTV, heavier policing and security to prevent crime in their area |
| According Mathiesen, what is Bottom Up Surveillance? | Majority of society record and monitor the behaviours of the elites in society |
| What is an evaluation of Bottom Up Surveillance? | Marxists: Surveillance does not prevent crime, it acts as a Repressive State Apparatus to control the behaviour of the proletariat |
| What is Synoptic Surveillance? | Society is not a digital panopticon, with a small number of elites monitoring the masses, we live in a 'synopticon' where each individual is monitoring every other individual. Each individual has become their own agent of surveillance |
Created by:
Skyelark