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PHL01_CO4_Set #8
🤔📗4️⃣4️⃣4️⃣4️⃣ PHL01_CO4 - 50 Card Mock Exam - MOCK 001
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Freedom | The power of a sentient being to exercise its will toward a desired goal. |
| Choice | The presence of valid options available to a person. |
| Will | The capacity to make a choice among available options. |
| Free Will | The ability to choose otherwise, independent of external constraints. |
| Agency | The capacity to act on one’s will and translate choices into actions. |
| Political Freedom | Institutional constraints and rights formalized by society that govern individual actions. |
| Rights | Actions a person may do without needing permission from others. |
| Prohibitions | Any law by the government that restricts or forbids an action. |
| Give at least three examples of government prohibitions | Possession of marijuana; abortion; same-sex marriage; public nudity; espionage. |
| Rights vs. Morality | Having a right does not determine whether an action is moral or immoral. |
| Governing Bodies | Institutions that oversee and protect the rights of citizens. |
| Monopoly on Legitimate Force | The state's exclusive authority to enforce laws and maintain order. |
| Four Circumstances Affecting Criminal Liability | Mitigating, Aggravating, Exempting, and Justifying circumstances. |
| Mitigating Circumstances | Factors that lessen criminal liability because the offender’s will was compromised. |
| Aggravating Circumstances | Factors that increase criminal liability because the offender exercised maximum will. |
| Exempting Circumstances | Factors that remove criminal liability due to severely compromised will or lack of agency. |
| Justifying Circumstances | Factors that remove criminal liability because the act was necessary or lawful. |
| Example of Mitigating Circumstance | No intent; provocation; immediate vindication of a grave offense. |
| Example of Aggravating Circumstance | Insult to authority; for reward; nighttime or uninhabited place. |
| Example of Exempting Circumstance | Insanity; irresistible force; minor under 15. |
| Example of Justifying Circumstance | Self-defense; avoidance of greater evil; fulfillment of duty. |
| Metaphysical Freedom | The debate on whether human actions are free or determined. |
| Determinism | The view that all events, including human actions, are caused by external or prior factors. |
| Hard Determinism | The belief that free will does not exist because all actions are fully determined. |
| Soft Determinism | The belief that determinism is true but humans still have partial freedom. |
| Theological Determinism | The belief that an omniscient or omnipotent deity determines all events. |
| Scientific Determinism | The belief that natural laws and physical causes determine all events. |
| Argument from Omniscience | If God knows the future, then the future is fixed and humans cannot choose otherwise. |
| Argument from Omnipotence | If God planned all events, then human actions are part of a divine plan. |
| Nomological Determinism | Another term for scientific determinism, based on natural laws. |
| Freedom vs. Determinism | Freedom implies choice; determinism implies causation. |
| Compatibilism | The view that free will and determinism can coexist. |
| Incompatibilism | The view that free will and determinism cannot both be true. |
| Dignity | The intrinsic worth of every human being that does not change across time or culture. |
| Dignity vs. Value | Dignity is inherent and fixed; value is subjective and variable. |
| Pride | A subjective sense of self-worth that varies from person to person. |
| Humiliation | A state of diminished pride in a social context. |
| Degradation | A state of diminished dignity regardless of social context. |
| Example of Humiliation | Slipping on stage during a public ceremony. |
| Example of Degradation | Eating food from the floor like an animal. |
| Dignity in Law | Dignity is protected under Article II, Section 11 of the 1987 Constitution. |
| Theological Source of Dignity | Humans have dignity because they are created by God. |
| Ontological Source of Dignity | Dignity arises from rationality and self-consciousness. |
| Immanuel Kant on Dignity | Dignity comes from the capacity for rational moral choice. |
| Sentience and Dignity | Any being capable of rational self-awareness would possess dignity. |
| Anthropocentrism in Theology | Theological dignity places humans at the center of creation. |
| Intrinsic Human Worth | Dignity is inherent and cannot be taken away, only violated. |
| Violation of Dignity | Actions that treat a person as less than human. |
| Dignity and Human Rights | Human rights are grounded in the recognition of human dignity. |
| Dignity Across Cultures | Different cultures express dignity differently, but its core remains universal. |
Created by:
francisslavin003