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History
Crime and Punishment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe Whitechapel in the late 1800s. | High levels of poverty, poor living and working conditions - contributed to a high crime rate |
| What were "Rookeries"? | Slum areas, where most housing was and was extremely overcrowded with poor sanitation |
| What were Lodging houses? | Lodgers paid a nightly fee for a bed and kitchen, a quarter of Whitechapel population and the conditions were awful |
| What was the Peabody estate? (1881) | An attempt to improve housing, building of 11 blocks of flats in a former slum, tenants charged reasonable rents |
| What were workhouses? | The last resort, they offered a bed and food but in return for hard labour |
| What were the conditions like in workhouses? | Poor, families were split up, and inmates had to wear a uniform. |
| Why was there a lack of job opportunities and how did women go about this? | Economic depression, many women turned to prostitution |
| How did people with low income turn to crime? | By stealing for survival to avoid the workhouse |
| What did the lack of work lead to? | Lots of spare time was available so, alcoholism, disruptive behaviour and violence occured |
| What did overcrowding lead to? | Tensions between the irish and jewish immigrants with the London-born |
| Why were the high levels of prostitution a problem? | Allowed violence on women |
| Give 2 facts about the Irish Immigrants. | Arrived in London in the 1840s, most worked as navvies or dockers |
| How was the Irish's reputation? | Being drunk and violent and associated with terrorism |
| Give 2 facts about the Eastern European immigrants. | 1880s and mostly Russian and Polish Jews, tended to stick together causing segregation |
| What was the issue with a fluctuating population? | Most accoms were temporary, so many temporary residents who had no interest in a community |
| What happened as a result of all this immigration? | Anti-semitism and violence against Jews rose rapidly, Foreigners were blamed for many crimes, increasing racism |
| What did the beat constables do? | Patrol a set of streets to deter criminals from committing crime |
| What was the work of H division? | Patrol the streets and stopped and questioned people, also had to report to their sergeant and record everything in a diary |
| What were the problems in policing for H division in terms of attacks on Jews? | Some police were anti-semitic and the language barrier was an issue |
| What were the problems in policing for H division in terms of violent demonstrations? | Public protests common and large numbers of angry people in one place led to violence and required a large number of police |
| What were the problems in policing for H division in terms of Gangs? | Large experienced gangs of thieves hired people who would help them get away from it |
| What were the problems in policing for H division in terms of Protection rackets? | Gangs demanded protection money to "protect" people's businesses, refusal would lead to property damage and violence so many didn't report out of fear |
| What were the problems in policing for H division in terms of Prostitution? | Without jobs, many women turned to this and became vulnerable to violence |
| What were the problems in policing for H division in terms of Alcohol? | Large number of pubs sold alcohol for affordable prices, drunkenness encouraged crime |
| What were the problems in policing for H division in terms of the Environment? | Dark, narrow alleys and courts with doors into rookeries packed with people made chasing and finding criminals difficult |
| What were some new policing techniques the met came up with? (4) | Taking photos and measurements of suspects, House-to-house searches, giving out leaflets and newspapers and interviewing witnesses or suspects and detailed sketches and photos of crime scenes |
| Give 3 facts about the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee. | Set up by businessmen in Whitechapel, offered a reward for information leading to the capture and patrolled the streets every night |
| What was the issue with rivalry between the met and city of London police forces? | They didn't share info or cooperate, they wanted to solve the crime before the other |
| What were the issues with the media? | Attracted many hoax letters, and many theories which all had to be investigated, also stirred up racism which caused more violence and crime and the media criticised the police, adding more pressure |
| When were the 5 Jack the Ripper muders? | 31 Aug 1888 and 9 Nov 1888 |
| Give 3 facts about police recruits for the Met | Most from outside London attracted by the decent pay, problems with absent and drinking on the job, some had been soldiers |
| What was the role of the home secretary? | Appointed a commissioner to run the met police, gov wanted control over fears of socialism |
| What did the CID do? | Instead of try to prevent crime, they would detect and invest crime, they had little success |
| What were attitudes towards police like? | Mixed but mostly hated, people had the feeling that police were against the working class but not middle/upper |
| What did Sir Charles Warren, the met commissioner do in 1887? | Stopped a protest but when they ignored, he set up thousands of police supported by about 1000 army men |
| What cost Warren his job? | He ordered an increase in patrols during jack the ripper but he failed to catch the murderer |
| In Medieval times, what were 3 crimes considered against the person? | Murder, Assault and Rape |
| In Medieval times, what were 3 crimes considered against the property? | Arson, theft and counterfeiting coins |
| In Medieval times, what were 2 crimes considered against the authority? | Treason and rebellion |
| What is poaching and how is it a social crime? | Hunting wild animals on other people's land without paying "hunting rights". It was seen as a social crime because many people saw it as acceptable especially after the Forest laws reduced the amount of land |
| After the Norman conquest in 1066, what was one way King William I established his authority over his new kingdom? | Adding new crimes to the existing Anglo-Saxon ones |
| Give 3 things caused by the new forest laws. | -Village communities and farms were evicted from this land -About 30% of England became Royal Forest, used by William I and the Norman nobility used for hunting -Only people who paid for hunting rights were allowed to hunt in the Royal Forest |
| If the Anglo-Saxons did not agree with the Norman invasion and rebelled, what did William I do about this? | Sentenced the rebellions to death (as before) but also punished those who weren't directly involved. For example destruction of farmland and animals in areas that had seen rebellions |
| What was the Murdrum fine? | A fine that had to be payed if an Anglo-Saxon killed a Norman and the culprit wasn't found, the area would have to pay where the body was |
| What were tithings in Anglo-Saxon England? | Small groups that were all responsible for each other, If one committed a crime, the rest made sure that person would go to court or the tithing would have to pay a fine for them |
| What was the hue and cry in Anglo-Saxon England? | The victim or witness of a crime had to shout for help and anyone who heard this was expected to chase and catch the criminal |
| What 3 things did the Law Enforcement stay with in the Norman times? | -Hue and Cry -Tithings -Court System |
| Give 2 changes the Normans brought to Law Enforcement | Foresters (In charge of the Royal Forests and Forest Laws) and Trial by combat (2 people would fight until 1 was killed and the other would be put to death) |
| What/Who were the Parish constables? | Later medieval law enforcement, local people nominated by the community and were unpaid |
| Give a change from the 1250s in the role of communities. | Parish constables were in charge of the run after the hue and cry was sounded and arrested suspects |
| Give another change in community in terms of court in 1215. | Trial by ordeal and combat were abolished |
| How did the role of the sheriff change? | He was made to search criminals if the hue and cry had failed and from 1285 he was allowed to make a group of men to help chase and catch criminals |
| What was the Saxon Wergild? | Paying compensation to the victims of crime |
| What were 2 common punishments in Anglo-Saxon times? | Fines and compensations & corporal punishment |
| Give 3 changes to punishments in Norman times | -Wergild system ended, fines paid to the king -Corporal and Capital punishment rose massively -Breaking Forest Laws was serious and could result in hanging |
| Give 3 facts about later medieval punishment | -Capital punishment slowly decreased -Fines became more common -Corporal punishments still widely used |
| Give an example of social inequality punishment within anglo-saxon times. | Wergild fine was much higher if the victum was of higher social status |
| What was the benefit of the clergy in the early 13th century? | Church courts trying members of the clergy for all crimes instead of just moral. You had a right to it by reading a passage of the bible |
| What was good about this? | It gave people a chance of reform and was seen as more lenient than other courts |
| What wasn't so good? | It wasn't equal and women couldn't do this as they couldn't be priests. |
| How did Sanctuary work within the church? (3) | -Offered by some important churches -Priest would report crime but arrests weren't allowed -Accused could either agree to go to court or oath to leave the country |
| In trial by ordeal how did the hot iron/water one work? | If burn healed well, the person is innocent |
| In trial by ordeal how did the water one work? | If they sank, they were innocent |
| In trial by ordeal how did the consecrated bread one work? | Only for priests, if they chocked they were guilty |
| In early modern England, what led to the increase of crimes against the person? | Increase in population and higher unemployment |
| In early modern England, what led to the increase of crimes against the property? | Enclosure of land |
| In early modern England, what led to the increase of crimes against the authority? | Change in people's religous beliefs, leading to heresy and treason |
| What was Heresy and what was causing it? | Having different religious beliefs to the leader and official religion of the country, religion kept changing between catholic and protestant |
| What was vagabondage? | An unemployed homeless person, 15th and 16th century saw a massive increase due to increasing population and no system to help the needy |
| How was Witchcraft treated in the early modern period? | Very serious offence, people saw it as harmful and were very scared of it, it was punishable by death |
| What stayed the same for catching criminals in early modern England? | Hue and cry, no national police force |
| What happened in 1576 for church courts? | They could only try moral crimes not serious crimes |
| What changed in terms of sanctuary? | -Henry VIII stopped exile abroad -1623 James I abolished it all together |
| What were the watchmen? | Carried a lamp, rang a bell to alert people, patrolled streets, all male householders expected to volunteer |
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