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Psyc
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| psychology | the scientific study of mind and behavior |
| empirical method | gaining knowledge through systematic observation and experimentation |
| fact | objective and verifiable observation established through evidence |
| opinion | belief or judgment not necessarily supported by evidence |
| theory | a well |
| introspection | examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings |
| structuralism | early school of psychology focused on breaking conscious experience into basic elements |
| additive decomposition | idea that experience can be understood by breaking it into smaller components and combining them |
| functionalism | school of thought focused on the purpose of mental processes and behavior in adaptation |
| psychoanalytic theory | theory proposing that unconscious processes and early life experiences influence behavior |
| behaviorism | approach emphasizing observable behavior and environmental contingencies |
| contingencies | environmental consequences (reinforcement or punishment) that shape behavior |
| Gestalt psychology | approach asserting that psychological experience is organized as a whole |
| humanism | perspective emphasizing personal growth, free will, and human potential |
| cognitive psychology | study of mental processes such as memory, language, and problem |
| nature vs nurture | debate over genetic versus environmental influences |
| biopsychology | study of biological bases of behavior |
| biopsychosocial model | framework proposing biological, psychological, and social factors interact |
| developmental psychology | study of changes across the lifespan |
| personality psychology | study of enduring patterns that make individuals unique |
| personality trait | consistent pattern of thought or behavior |
| social psychology | study of how individuals are influenced by others |
| clinical psychology | diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders |
| counseling psychology | helping individuals with life adjustments and emotional functioning |
| industrial | organizational psychology |
| health psychology | study of behavior and health outcomes |
| forensic psychology | application of psychology to the legal system |
| sport and exercise psychology | study of psychological influences on athletic performance |
| educational psychology | study of learning processes |
| community psychology | focus on systems |
| PhD | research |
| PsyD | practice |
| dissertation | original research project completed for doctoral degree |
| postdoctoral training | advanced training after doctoral degree |
| cognitive revolution | shift in psychology back toward studying mental processes |
| Wilhelm Wundt | established the first psychology laboratory |
| Edward Titchener | promoted structuralism in the United States |
| William James | founder of functionalism |
| Sigmund Freud | founder of psychoanalysis; emphasized unconscious processes and early life experiences |
| Max Wertheimer | founder of Gestalt psychology |
| Kurt Koffka | Gestalt theorist |
| Wolfgang Köhler | Gestalt theorist |
| John B. Watson | founder of behaviorism |
| B.F. Skinner | developed operant conditioning and reinforcement contingencies |
| Ivan Pavlov | discovered classical conditioning |
| Abraham Maslow | developed hierarchy of needs; humanism |
| Carl Rogers | developed client |
| Noam Chomsky | criticized behaviorism and sparked cognitive revolution |
| Margaret Floy Washburn | first woman to earn a PhD in psychology |
| Mary Whiton Calkins | early female psychologist denied PhD |
| Francis Sumner | first African American PhD in psychology |
| Kenneth and Mamie Clark | conducted doll studies used in Brown v. Board |
| hypothesis | specific, testable prediction |
| variable | factor that can change |
| independent variable | manipulated variable |
| dependent variable | measured outcome |
| operational definition | precise explanation of how a variable is measured |
| descriptive research | describes behavior without determining cause |
| case study | in |
| naturalistic observation | observing behavior in natural environment |
| survey | collecting self |
| archival research | analyzing existing records |
| correlational research | examines relationships between variables |
| correlation coefficient (r) | statistic indicating strength and direction of relationship |
| positive correlation | variables increase together |
| negative correlation | one increases as the other decreases |
| illusory correlation | perceived relationship where none exists |
| experiment | research design manipulating IV to determine causality |
| experimental group | receives manipulation |
| control group | does not receive manipulation |
| random assignment | equal chance of assignment to groups |
| random sample | equal chance of selection from population |
| population | entire group of interest |
| sample | subset of population studied |
| generalize | apply findings broadly |
| confounding variable | outside factor influencing results |
| confound | unintended difference between experimental groups |
| reliability | consistency of results |
| validity | accuracy of measurement |
| inter | rater reliability |
| replication | repeating study to confirm results |
| longitudinal research | same participants studied over time |
| cross | sectional research |
| attrition | participant dropout |
| placebo effect | expectations influence outcomes |
| single | blind study |
| double | blind study |
| experimenter bias | researcher expectations influence results |
| observer bias | observer expectations influence recordings |
| statistical analysis | mathematical evaluation of results |
| peer | reviewed journal article |
| informed consent | participants agree after understanding risks |
| deception | misleading participants when justified |
| debriefing | explaining study after participation |
| IRB | Institutional Review Board overseeing human research |
| IACUC | Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee overseeing animal research |
| deductive reasoning | general principle to specific prediction |
| inductive reasoning | specific observations to general principle |
| empirical | based on objective evidence |
| DNA | molecule carrying genetic information |
| gene | segment of DNA controlling trait |
| allele | version of a gene |
| chromosome | long strand of DNA |
| mutation | permanent change in DNA |
| genotype | genetic makeup |
| phenotype | observable traits |
| dominant allele | expressed if present |
| recessive allele | expressed only if two copies |
| homozygous | two identical alleles |
| heterozygous | two different alleles |
| polygenic | trait influenced by multiple genes |
| epigenetics | environmental influences affect gene expression |
| range of reaction | genes set limits; environment determines expression |
| identical twins | same egg and sperm |
| fraternal twins | two separate eggs |
| neuron | nerve cell |
| glial cell | supportive cell in nervous system |
| soma | cell body |
| dendrite | receives signals |
| axon | transmits signals |
| axon hillock | site where action potential begins |
| myelin sheath | insulating layer on axon |
| Nodes of Ranvier | gaps in myelin |
| terminal button | axon ending releasing neurotransmitters |
| synaptic vesicle | stores neurotransmitters |
| synaptic cleft | gap between neurons |
| synapse | connection point between neurons |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger |
| receptor | protein that binds neurotransmitter |
| reuptake | reabsorption of neurotransmitter |
| resting potential | neuron’s baseline charge around |
| threshold of excitation | voltage needed to trigger action potential |
| action potential | rapid electrical impulse |
| depolarization | sodium influx |
| repolarization | potassium outflux |
| all | or |
| afferent neurons | sensory neurons to CNS |
| efferent neurons | motor neurons from CNS |
| interneurons | connect neurons within CNS |
| central nervous system | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | all nerves outside CNS |
| somatic nervous system | voluntary movement |
| autonomic nervous system | involuntary control |
| sympathetic nervous system | fight |
| parasympathetic nervous system | rest |
| frontal lobe | executive function and planning |
| prefrontal cortex | working memory and decision |
| parietal lobe | somatosensory processing |
| temporal lobe | auditory processing |
| occipital lobe | visual processing |
| cerebellum | balance and coordination |
| medulla | breathing and heart rate |
| pons | sleep and arousal |
| reticular formation | arousal and alertness |
| thalamus | sensory relay station |
| hypothalamus | homeostasis and hormone regulation |
| hippocampus | memory formation |
| amygdala | emotional processing |
| corpus callosum | connects hemispheres |
| lateralization | functional specialization of hemispheres |
| Broca’s area | speech production |
| Wernicke’s area | language comprehension |
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