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China
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Empire | A large area of land made up of many different territories and peoples ruled by one powerful leader or government. |
| Dynasty | A series of rulers from the same family who pass power down from one generation to the next. |
| Dynastic Cycle | The pattern in Chinese history in which a dynasty rises to power, rules successfully, becomes weak or corrupt, loses support, and is replaced by a new dynasty. |
| Cultural Diffusion | The spreading of ideas, beliefs, technologies, languages, and customs from one group of people to another. |
| Silk Road | A network of trade routes that connected China to the Middle East and Europe, allowing goods, ideas, and cultures to spread between regions. |
| Mongol Empire | A large empire founded by Genghis Khan in the 1200s that stretched across much of Asia and into Europe, becoming the largest connected land empire in history. |
| Geography | The study of the Earth’s land, water, climate, and how people interact with their environment. |
| Trade Network | A system of trade routes that connect different regions and allow people to exchange goods and ideas. |
| Voyages of Exploration | Long sea journeys taken by European explorers in the 1400s and 1500s to find new trade routes, lands, and resources. |
| Marco Polo | An Italian merchant and traveler who journeyed to China in the 1200s and wrote about his experiences, helping Europeans learn more about Asia. |
| Han Dynasty | A long-lasting dynasty known for trade, technology, and Confucian government. |
| Liu Bang | Founder of the Han Dynasty. |
| Confucianism | A philosophy that teaches moral leadership, respect, and order. |
| Civil Service System | A system where government officials are chosen based on knowledge and ability. |
| Paper | A Han invention that made writing easier and more affordable. |
| Seismograph | An instrument used to detect earthquakes. |
| Zhou Dynasty | The longest ruling dynasty in ancient China. |
| Mandate of Heaven | The belief that heaven gives a ruler the right to govern and can take it away. |
| Feudalism | A system where kings give land to nobles in exchange for loyalty and military service. |
| Qin Dynasty | The first imperial dynasty of China (221–206 BCE) that unified China under one strong central government. |
| Terracotta Warriors | Thousands of life-sized clay soldiers buried with Qin Shi Huang to protect him in the afterlife. |
| Qin Shi Huang | The first emperor of China who united the country, standardized laws and writing, and began building the Great Wall. |
| Great Wall of China | A long series of walls built across northern China to protect against invasions and raids from nomadic groups. |
| Warring States Period | A time of warfare between Chinese states near the end of the Zhou Dynasty. |
| Confucius | The teacher who founded Confucianism. |
| Daoism | A belief system that teaches living in harmony with nature. |
| Legalism | A philosophy that supports strict laws and harsh punishments to maintain order. |
| Song Dynasty | A dynasty known for economic growth and technological innovation |
| Civil Service System | A system where officials are chosen based on exams and merit |
| Confucianism | A philosophy that teaches moral behavior and respect |
| Neo Confucianism | A new form of Confucianism that blended other ideas and influenced Song education |
| Paper Money | Printed currency used for trade |
| Magnetic Compass | A device used for navigation that shows direction |
| Gunpowder | A Chinese invention used in fireworks and weapons |
| Porcelain | A high-quality ceramic product traded widely |
| Yuan Dynasty | The Mongol dynasty that ruled China from 1271–1368. |
| Mongols | Nomadic people from the grasslands north of China who built a large empire. |
| Genghis Khan | The Mongol leader who united the tribes and began building a vast empire. |
| Kublai Khan | Grandson of Genghis Khan who completed the conquest of China and started the Yuan Dynasty. |
| Social Hierarchy | A ranking system that divides people into groups based on status. |
| Pax Mongolica | A time of peace and stability across the Mongol Empire that made trade safer. |
| Marco Polo | A European merchant who visited China and wrote about his experiences. |
| The Travels of Marco Polo | The book describing Marco Polo’s journey to China. |
| Red Turban Rebellion | A major rebellion that helped bring down the Yuan Dynasty. |
| Hongwu Emperor | The peasant leader who overthrew the Yuan and started the Ming Dynasty. |
| Zhu Yuanzhang | The birth name of the Hongwu Emperor. |
| Forbidden City | A large palace complex in Beijing that became the political center of Ming China. |
| Zheng He | The admiral who led seven major sea voyages during the early Ming period. |
| Isolationiam | A policy of limiting contact and trade with other countries. |
| Journey to the West | A famous Chinese novel written during the Ming period. |
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