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2.2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alleles | any of the alternative forms of a gene that could occur at the same place on a chromosome |
| autosomes | chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; response, also called autosomal chromosome |
| centromere | the central region joining two sister chromatids |
| chromatid | one half of a chromosome |
| chromosome | tightly coiled DNA that is found in the nuclei of cells |
| deletion mutation | One DNA base is deleted from a gene sequence |
| DNA | type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, C, G, and T. it's double-stranded and helical and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. |
| DNA primer | a short, single-stranded nucleic acid sequence that provides a necessary starting point for DNA synthesis |
| dominant allele | a genetic trait in which the associated phenotype is seen in an individual who has only one copy of the gene associated with the trait |
| eukaryotic | organisms that have membrane-bound organelles |
| familial hypercholesterolemia | an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that disrupts the body’s ability to eliminate LDL from the blood, resulting in an increased risk of heart attack |
| frameshift mutation | mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
| gene | a sequence of nucleotides that codes for a protein, resulting in a specific phenotype |
| genome | a complete set of the genes in one organism |
| gel electrophoresis | a fundamental laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA, or protein molecules based on their size and electrical charge |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles at one location on two homologous chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes where one set comes from the male parent and one set comes from the female parent |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles at one location on two homologous chromosomes |
| insertion mutation | One DNA base is inserted into a gene sequence. |
| karyotype | an image of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape |
| messenger RNA (mRNA) | a type of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins |
| mitosis | a process that takes place in the nucleus of a dividing cell. it involves the doubling and separation of genetic material and results in the formation of two new nuclei, which each have the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus. |
| mutation | a rare change in genetic material, which ultimately creates genetic diversity within a species |
| nondisjunction | an error during mitosis or meiosis, in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to move apart properly |
| nucleotides | a building block of DNA that consists of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
| pedigree | a diagram that shows the occurrence of phenotypes through several generations of genetically related individuals |
| phenotype | the physical and physiological traits of an organism that are determined by the organism’s genetic makeup |
| point mutation | gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed |
| polymerase chain reaction | the technique used by biologists to make many copies of a particular gene |
| protein | a three-dimensional polymer made of amino acid monomers. A protein’s form and function are determined by a cell’s nucleic acid sequence. |
| protein synthesis | the creation of a protein from a DNA template |
| punnett square | a simple, graphical way to discover all potential combinations of an offspring’s genotypes, given the parents’ genotypes |
| recessive allele | a trait that is evident only when an organism inherits two copies of a recessive allele for a specific gene |
| restriction enzyme | an enzyme that recognizes specific nucleotide sequences and cuts DNA at these sequences called restriction sites. It is also known as a restriction endonuclease. |
| ribonucleic acid(RNA) | a type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine A, C, G, and U. it's usually single stranded and functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses. |
| sex chromosomes | one of two chromosomes that determines an individual's sex |
| silent mutation | a change in a DNA sequence that does not alter the resulting amino acid sequence of a protein due to the degeneracy of the genetic code |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
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