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Hist 1302 Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Individualism | Belief that success comes from personal effort and self-reliance; justified limited government and laissez-faire during the Gilded Age. |
| Knights of Labor | National labor union (1869) for skilled and unskilled workers; pushed for 8-hour workdays. |
| Wilson’s 14 Points | WWI peace proposal promoting self-determination and the League of Nations. |
| Square Deal | Theodore Roosevelt’s program for trust-busting, consumer protection, and conservation. |
| IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) | Radical labor union (1905) advocating worker control and challenging capitalism. |
| Lusitania | British ship sunk by Germany in 1915; shifted U.S. public opinion toward joining WWI. |
| Homestead Act (1862) | Granted 160 acres to settlers; fueled westward expansion and Native displacement. |
| Booker T. Washington | Black leader advocating vocational education and gradual progress post-Reconstruction. |
| Sedition Act (1918) | Law criminalizing government criticism during WWI; restricted civil liberties. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Completed in 1869; linked East and West, driving economic growth. |
| Gilded Age | Late 1800s era of rapid industrial growth, corruption, and extreme inequality. |
| Treaty of Versailles (1919) | Ended WWI; severely punished Germany, contributing to the rise of WWII. |
| Political Machine | Urban organization trading services for votes (e.g., Tammany Hall); linked to corruption. |
| Feminism | Movement for equality; key to achieving the 19th Amendment in 1920. |
| Yellow Journalism | Sensationalized reporting that helped fuel the Spanish-American War. |
| Woodrow Wilson | WWI-era President who expanded federal power through Progressive reforms. |
| Anti-Imperialist League | Group that opposed U.S. overseas expansion and imperialism. |
| Palmer Raids | 1919–1920 government arrests of suspected radicals during the Red Scare. |
| “Lincoln’s Republic” | Idea that post–Civil War America preserved democracy and opportunity. |
| Committee on Public Information | WWI propaganda agency created to mobilize public support for the war. |
| John Muir | Conservationist and Sierra Club founder; key to the national parks movement. |
| Alice Paul / NWP | Militant suffrage leader whose tactics helped pass the 19th Amendment. |
| Panama Canal | Completed in 1914; boosted global trade and U.S. naval power. |
| Frontier Thesis | Frederick Jackson Turner’s idea that the frontier shaped American democracy. |
| New Nationalism | Theodore Roosevelt’s plan for strong federal regulation of big business. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) | First major law restricting immigration based on race/nationality. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Supreme Court case that legalized "separate but equal" segregation. |
| Ellis Island | Main U.S. immigration hub (1892–1954); symbol of mass migration. |
| Niagara Movement | Civil rights group led by Du Bois demanding immediate racial equality. |
| Espionage Act (1917) | Law punishing interference with the WWI effort; limited free speech. |
| “Island Communities” | Refers to U.S. overseas territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. |
| “New Negro” | Term for the more assertive Black identity and culture in the early 20th century. |
| Alfred T. Mahan | Naval strategist who argued that sea power was key to world dominance. |
| Equality of Opportunity | Progressive belief that everyone should have a fair chance to succeed. |
| Social Darwinism | Applied "survival of the fittest" to society to justify wealth gaps. |
| Dawes Act (1887) | Broke up Native lands into individual plots to force assimilation. |
| Populist Party Platform | Demanded free silver, railroad regulation, and direct election of senators. |
| Zimmerman Note | German proposal for an alliance with Mexico; pushed U.S. into WWI. |
| Race Riots (1919) | Violent clashes in Chicago and elsewhere showing post-WWI racial tensions. |
| Manifest Destiny | The belief that the U.S. was divinely ordained to expand across North America. |
| War Industries Board | Government agency that coordinated industrial production during WWI. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Progressive "trust-buster" president and proponent of American imperialism. |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Addition to the Monroe Doctrine justifying U.S. intervention in Latin America. |
| Modernism | Cultural movement that broke from traditional artistic and social norms. |
| William Jennings Bryan | Populist leader and "Cross of Gold" orator who fought for free silver. |
| USS Maine | Ship that exploded in Havana Harbor; served as the catalyst for the Spanish-American War. |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | Civil rights leader who demanded immediate political and social equality. |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | Italian immigrants executed during the Red Scare; symbols of nativism. |
| Northern Securities Co. | Major railroad trust dissolved by Roosevelt in a landmark legal case. |
| Laissez-faire | Economic policy of "hands-off" government non-interference. |
| Eugene V. Debs | Socialist leader jailed for anti-war speech under the Espionage Act. |
| Monopoly | When a single company dominates an entire industry; a major Gilded Age concern. |
| Volunteerism | The belief that private charity should address social issues instead of the state. |
| Jane Addams | Founder of Hull House and a leader in the settlement house movement. |
| Great Uprising of 1877 | The first major nationwide strike in U.S. history (railroads). |
| Haymarket Affair (1886) | Violent labor protest in Chicago that led to a decline in union popularity. |
| Pullman Strike (1894) | National rail strike suppressed by federal troops and court injunctions. |
| Urbanization | The rapid growth of cities resulting from industrialization and immigration. |
| Progressivism | Multi-faceted reform movement aimed at fixing industrial-era social ills. |
| New Freedom | Woodrow Wilson’s program to restore economic competition and help small business. |
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Crunchy Hero