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All vocab
All
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Ad hominem | When the speaker abandons the argument to attack the opponent. |
| Alliteration | Using words with the same first letter repeatedly close together in a phrase or sentence. |
| Allusion | Making a brief reference to the cultural canon—e.g. the Bible, Shakespeare, classical mythology, etc. |
| Analogy | Explaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple. |
| Analyze | To break down into parts in order to understand the whole. |
| Anaphora | Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines (a form of parallelism). |
| Anecdote | A brief recounting of a relevant episode. Anecdotes are often inserted into texts as a way of developing a point or injecting humor. |
| Antithesis | Opposition or contrast of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel contstruction. |
| Appeal to false authority | The fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. |
| Argument | The combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their position. |
| Asyndeton | A writing style where conjunctions are omitted in a series of words, phrases or clauses. It is used to shorten a sentence and focus on its meaning. (not connected) |
| Audience | Who the author is directing his or her message towards |
| Bandwagon Appeal | This fallacy occurs when evidence boils down to "everyone's doing it" |
| Circular reasoning | A fallacy in which the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence. Insufficient biased evidence |
| Claim | A conclusion we are seeking to establish- an assertion of belief (our thesis) |
| Claim of fact | A claim of fact asserts that something is true or not true. |
| Claim of Policy | A claim of policy proposes a change. |
| Claim of Value | A claim of value argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong. |
| Closed Thesis | A closed thesis is a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make. |
| Colloquialism | The use of ordinary or familiar words or phrases |
| Compare/contrast | To compare means to bring both similarities and differences with the emphasis on similiarities. To contrast is to stress only the differences. |
| Concession | Agreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point (but not in the larger argument). |
| Connotation | The implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations. |
| Counterargument | The argument(s) against the author's position. |
| Cumulative Sentence | Clarifies or qualifies an idea stated in a preceding base clause. |
| Declarative Sentence | A declarative sentence simply states a fact or argument without requiring either an answer or action from the reader. You punctuate your declarative sentences with a simple period. |
| Deductive reasoning | A logical process whereby the writer reasoning goes through a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are assumed to be true (known as top down). |
| Denotation | The literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word. |
| Diction | The style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation. (WORD CHOICE) |
| Ethos | An appeal based on the character of the speaker. Appeal to trust and credibilty of speaker. |
| Euphemism | Referring to something with a veiled phrase instead of saying it directly |
| Evaluate | To assess: to show worth or lack of worth of a particular "something" To give a judgement of value both postive and negative. |
| Exemplification | Providing examples in service of a point. |
| Figurative language | The use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc. |
| First Hand Evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. |
| Fragment sentence | Incomplete sentences. They usually lack a subject, predicate, or an agreement between the two. |
| Hasty Generalization | A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached between inadequate evidence |
| Hyperbole | Overstating a situation for humorous or dramatic effect. |
| Idiom | A commonly used phrase that signifies something very different than its literal meaning. |
| Imagery | Any descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language. |
| Imperative Sentence | A sentence that requests or commands. |
| Implication | When something is suggested without being concretely stated. |
| Inductive reasoning | Logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true moste of the time, are combined to obtatin a specific conclusion (known as bottom up) |
| Interrogative Sentence | Asks a direct question and aways ends in a question mark. |
| Irony | A state of affairs or an event that seems delibeartely contrary to what one expects and is often amusing as a result |
| Juxtaposition | Placing two very different things together for effect. |
| Logical fallacy | Logical fallacies are potential vulnerabilities or weaknesses in an arguement. They often arise from a failure to make logial connections between the claim and the evidence used to support it. |
| Logos | Appealing to someone's sense of concrete facts and logic. An appeal based on logic or reason. Documents distributed by companies or corporations are logos driven, as well as, scholoary documents. |
| Metaphor | A figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally indicate in order to suggest a similarity (NOT USING 'like' or 'as') |
| Metonymy | Using a single feature to represent the thing itself, |
| Occasion | When and where and in what situation; place, context, or current situation that created the reason for the author to write. The reason or moment for writing or speaking. |
| Onomatopoeia | Using "sound-effect" words (e.g. "clap," "buzz). |
| Oxymoron | Conjoining contradictory terms |
| Paradox | Self contradicion; A phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself (but the contradiction itself may have its own meaning). |
| Parallelism | Repeated structural elements in a sentence. |
| Parody | Using the form of something to mimic and make fun of it. |
| Pathos | An appeal based on emotion. Advertisments tend to be pathos-driven. |
| Periodic Sentence | A long, complex, grammatically correct sentence. The main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause. It's effective when it's used to arouse interest and curiosity, to hold an idea in suspense before its final revelation. |
| Personification | Giving human characteristics to a nonhuman object or idea. |
| Polysyndeton | A literary technique in which conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or) are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed. (bound together) |
| Purpose | The author's persuasive intention. |
| Quantitative Evidence | Quantitative evidence includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers- for instance, statistics, surverys, polls, census information. |
| Rebuttal | Statements recognizing the opposing side, while refuting their claims. |
| Red Herring | Cheap ploy to divert the audience from the real or central issue to some irrelevant detail |
| Repetition | Re-using a word or phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis. |
| Rhetoric | The use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience. The art of finding ways to persuade. |
| Sarcasm | Mockingly stating the opposite of what you mean. Easier to convey in the spoken word than via writing. |
| Satire | A genre of humorous and mocking criticism to expose the ignorance and/or ills of society. |
| Second-hand Evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. |
| Simile | A figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with 'like' or 'as') |
| Speaker | The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement. |
| Subject | The topic of a text. What the text is about. |
| Synecdoche | Referring to one part of something as a way to refer to the whole. (a type of metonmy when a whole is representd by naming one of its parts or vice versa) |
| Syntax | The way sentences are grammatically constructed. |
| Synthesis | Combining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point. |
| Tone | The use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject. |
| Understatement | Deliberately minimizing something, usually for humorous effect. |
| Antecedent | A noun to which a pronoun refers. |
Created by:
teresas111