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ENVS midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gifford Pinchot | Anthropocentric. Established the Natural Forest Service. Used principle of conservation as a guide |
| John Muir | Biocentric. Founder of Sierra Club. Used principle of preservation. |
| Aldo Leopold | Ecocentric. Wrote the "Land Ethic" Used principle of restoration. |
| Intrinsic | A thing has value just because it exists. Preservation approach- preserve environment in unaltered state |
| Utiliarian | Valuing something for its benefits- a thing has value if its useful to humans. Conservation approach- manage resources so they are available in future |
| Anthropocentric | Humans are only morally significant organism. Our duty to the environment is based on the fact that the environment is essential to human life |
| Ecocentric | the envrionment is on moral par with humans. Both living and nonliving things and the way they interact should have moral consideration |
| Biocentric | All forms of life have right to exist and have moral standing |
| Tragedy of the commons | Overuse of a common property resource-resources not privately owned or regulated will be depleted. Individuals act independently, according to their own self-interest. Eventual exhaustion or destruction of resource |
| Solutions to tragedy of the commons | Mutually agreed upon coercion Population control Privatization Taxes, incentive, penalties Appeal to conscience |
| Common property resource | Belongs to no one, available to everyone. Air, water in Great lakes, fish- overuse can cause environmental degradation |
| Renewable | can be replaced by natural processes in the environment in a relatively short period of time (human scale) |
| Nonrenewable | limited in supply because it takes a long time to form (geologic scale) |
| What are the 4 laws of ecology? | 1. Everything is connected to everything else 2. Everything must go somewhere 3. Nature knows best 4. There is no such thing as a free lunch- everything has environmental cost |
| The "Fertile Crescent" | A “bridge” between Africa and Eurasia, had an unusually high amount of biodiversity. Agriculture gave humans control, population grew |
| The Anasazi case | Collapse by Jared Diamond- collapsed because of environmentyal degradation and climate change |
| The 1930s Dust Bowl | Environmental and ecological collapse. Drought + poor farming practices. Farmers left the Midwest for work camps, moved west. After 10 years of drought and crop failures rain finally came back, but society was forever changed. |
| What is sustainability? | The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own need and providing a high quality of life for its people. |
| Paul Hawkens quote | “We have an economy where we steal the future, sell it in the present, and call it GDP” |
| Three-legged stool | Sustainable development- Economic, Environmental, Social. |
| Triple bottom line | People, Planet, Profit. Social systems, natural systems, and economic systems |
| What is closed loop production | When a product is manufactured in a way that producers take responsibility for the product from the extraction of raw materials to disposal of the final product, waste products reused, amount of materials used is decreased |
| Amazon rainforest case | "Earth’s Lungs”. People have been raising money to stop the destruction. People in Amazon basin fear environmental movement may limit their opportunities for a better life economically. |
| High Plains Aquifer case | One of nations most productive underground water resources. Water pumped out faster than it can be replenished. Water is quickly being depleted |
| Ecological footprint | Measuring sustainability by calculating a person’s or a country’s ecological impact. The impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain the use of natural resources |
| Ecological overshoot | Consuming more ecosystem resources than they are contributing |
| I | Impact |
| P | Population |
| A | Affluence |
| T | Technology |
| S | Sustainable Solutions |
| Low pop. high affluence | contribute to the problem as much as higher populations and poverty |
| Impacts | • Biodiversity • Land Use • Global Climate and Atmosphere Determined by the combined effect of other factors |
| When was IPAT model developed? | early 1970’s |
| Who developed IPAT model? | Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren |
| What do we mean when we say that population, affluence and technology are driving forces behind environmental impacts? | The greater the population density, affluence of a society, and use of technology to industrialize, the more devastating the environmental impact |
| What is carrying capacity? | Number of individuals of a species that can be indefinitely sustained in a given area- NOT fixed, can be altered by technology, determines whether area is overpopulated |
| Demography | The study of human populations |
| 3 components of a population | 1. Births 2. Deaths 3. Migration |
| How are Births measured? | Crude Birth Rate ( annual number of live births per 1,000 people) Total Fertility Rate (average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime) |
| How are Deaths measured? | Crude Death Rate (annual number of deaths per 1,000 people) Infant Mortality Rate (Number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births) |
| Migration | Immigrants (people who move into country/area) Emigrants (people who move out of country/area) |
| Population is dependent on.... | Age and gender distribution |
| Stage 1 | High birth rates, high death rates, small total population, stable population. All regions until industrial revolution. |
| Stage 2 | Population explosion- rapidly declining birth rates, high birth rates, fast population growth. |
| Stage 3 | Declining birth rates, death rates beginning to stabilize, slower population growth, but population still growing |
| Stage 4 | Birth rates fallen into balance with death rates: low birth rates, low death rates, stable total populations |
| Stage 5 | Birth rates continue to to fall, total fertility level is below replacement level- population decreases |
| All regions before industrial revolution | Stage 1 |
| Egypt, Kenya, India | Stage 2 |
| Brazil | Stage 3 |
| US, Japan, UK, France | Stage 4 |
| Germany | Stage 5 |
| Developed countries | Wealthy, old, decreasing population sizes. Marry between 25-27, less young mothers. Average amount of children: 1.6 |
| Developing countries | Poorer, younger, growing rapidly- contain 80% of world’s population. Marry early, Average amount of children: 2.6-5.9. Lots of young mothers |
| Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Turkey, Iran | Modern day Fertile Crescent |
| GDP | Measure of economic wealth. Gains double when pollution is created. Increases once upon creation and when pollution is cleaned up |
| GPI | Genuine Progress Indicator. Incorporates environmental and social factors which are not measured by GDP. counts the initial pollution as loss rather than a gain, plus the cost of any negative impact the pollution will have. |
| Alan Eddison's quote | “Modern technology owes ecology an apology” |
| Technological Dualism | Refers to the fact that technology can often have both negative and positive impacts on people and society |
| Four Revolutions | Agriculture Revolution, Industrial Revolution, The Green Revolution, Information Revolution |
| Agriculture Revolution | Increased food production, increased waste production, extensive land clearing, urbanization, ownership of land and water leading to conflict over resources |
| Industrial Revolution | Dependence on fossil fuels, rapid urbanization, rapid population growth followed by stabilization, Increased wealth and material goods, improved sanitation and hygiene, longer lifespans, loss of biodiversity, air and water pollution |
| Information Revolution | Globalization of everything, decrease in cultural diversity, increased loss in biodiversity, rapid spread of non-native species, easy to share scientifc knowledge, establishment of global monocultures |
| The Green Revolution | More productive and stable crops, Increased food production worldwide, Increased use of monocultures, Increased use of fertilizers and pesticides |
| Qanat | Arabic word for ‘channel’, originated in Persia. Qanats are hand-dug tunnels for extracting groundwater in the dry mountain basins |
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