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EDPSYCH320 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is information processing theory? | A cognitive framework that compares human memory to a computer, focusing on how internal steps/processes like how information is received, encoded, stored, and retrieved |
| What is joint attention? | Shared focus on the same object/event (infant with caregiver) |
| What is habituation? | Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated exposure |
| What is dishabituation? | Increased responsiveness after a change in stimulus |
| Infant memory is initially based on ___ and later ___ | Recognition, recall |
| What is the paradox of memory? | Infantile amnesia; most of us cannot recall life events before age 3 |
| How do infants categorize? | Based on shape and color |
| What is shape bias | English-speaking children categorizing and generalizing objects by shape |
| What is core knowledge theory? | Notion that infants are born/"pre-wired" with knowledge and understanding |
| What are the four domains of thought in core knowledge theory? | Numerical knowledge, physical knowledge, linguistic knowledge, and psychological knowledge |
| What is social constructivism? | The notion that knowledge is actively constructed through relationships and interactions with others; emphasizing role of culture and language |
| Who created social constructivism? | Lev Vygotsky |
| What is the sone of proximal development? | A theoretical area which encompasses tasks that a child can’t do alone but can learn to do with help |
| What is scaffolding? | Mechanism that helps children pick up mental strategies and build skills to perform tasks independently |
| What does an IQ test measure? | The extent to which the raw score differs from the typical performance of individuals of the same age |
| What cognitive test is used with infants/toddlers? | Developmental quotient (DQ) |
| What is development? | The pattern on change that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span |
| Why is it important to study children's development? | Bettering children's lives and the way's you and others interact with them |
| What are five aspects of children's development that need to be improved? | Health and well-being, parenting, education, sociocultural contexts and diversity, and gender |
| What are biological processes? | Factors that produce changes in an individual’s body |
| What are cognitive processes? | Factors that produce changes in individual’s thought, intelligence, and language |
| What are socioemotional processes? | Factors that produce changes in an individual’s relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality |
| When is the prenatal period? | Conception to birth |
| When is the infancy period? | Birth to 18-24mo |
| When is the early childhood period? | Infancy to 5-6yo |
| When is the middle & late childhood period? | 6 to 11yo |
| When is the adolescence period? | 10-12 to 18-22yo |
| What are cohort effects? | Effects due to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age |
| What is the continuity view of development? | Viewing development as making up of gradual cumulative change |
| What is the discontinuity view of development? | Viewing development as distinct stages |
| What is the early-later experience issue? | Debates whether early experiences (infancy) or later experiences are key determinants of a child’s development |
| What are psychoanalytic theories? | See development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Sees behavior as a surface characteristic and the symbolic workings of the mind needing analysis to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized. |
| What is the id? | Instinctual, non-moral, unconscious, has no contact with morality |
| What is the ego? | Deals with reality, uses reasoning, non-moral |
| What is superego? | Moral, our conscience |
| What are Freud's stages of development? | Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital |
| What are Erikson's life-span stages? | Infancy (first year), infancy, early childhood, middle and late childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood |
| What is trust vs mistrust and what stage is it from? | Learning trust from caregivers, infancy |
| What is autonomy vs shame & doubt and what stage is it from? | Learning independence but if punished too harshly, developing shame and doubt around autonomy |
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