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SPAUD Unit 4
Articulation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Articulatory system | The system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech |
| Mobile articulator | Things that move in articulation such as the tongue |
| Immobile articulators | Things that don't move in articulation like the alveolar ridge |
| Consonants | Close/stop or almost do |
| Vowels | Air flows out |
| Resonance | Different shapes of "tubes" to change sounds |
| Tongue | largest articulator Innervated by hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
| second largest articulator | Mandible |
| Cranial skeleton | House and protect the brain |
| facial skeleton | form the framework for organs of eating, speech, respiration, senses, and muscles of facial expression |
| sutures | Immoveable fibrous joints found only in the skull - join all bones of the skull except for the mandible |
| Foramen magnum | Where the spinal cord goes through on the skull In the occipital bone |
| Mandible | points of attachment for tongue and other muscles movement can change oral cavity At birth was in 2 separate parts that are fused by 1st birthday Not super involved in articulation directly but holds up the tongue |
| Mental symphasis - Mandible | Point where 2 sides of mandible come together |
| Alveolar part (process) - Mandible | Where the teeth are |
| Mylohyoid line - Mandible | Where the mylohyoid connects to the mandible |
| Condylar process - Mandible | Process on top back of mandible |
| Coronoid process - Mandible | More crown-looking process in front of condylar process |
| Mandibular notch - Mandible | Notch at the top between condylar and coronoid processes |
| Angle - Mandible | where the mandible goes from transverse to vertical |
| Body - mandible | Main part where Alveolar part (teeth) is on top of |
| Ramus - Mandible | Main vertical part of the bone |
| Mental foramen - mandible | Little hole in the body of mandible has a branch of cranial nerve V - trigeminal |
| Mandibular foramen - mandible | little hole in ramus under mandibular notch Has a branch of cranial nerve V - Trigeminal |
| maxilla | has all the upper teeth and includes the hard palate touches cheek bone, around eyes, and frontal bone |
| Frontal process - Maxilla | Top of the maxilla that articulates with frontal bone |
| Infraorbital margin - Maxilla | below eyes on the maxilla |
| Zygomatic process - Maxilla | Part of maxilla that articulates with zygomatic bone (cheek bone) |
| Nasal notch - Maxilla | notch where the nose is |
| Nasal crest - Maxilla | little part of maxilla between the nasal notches very end of the posterior nasal spine |
| Palatine process | 2 bones in hard palate that articulate with the two palatine bones (horizontal plate) |
| Alveolar process - Maxilla | where the top teeth go |
| Hard palate | made up of 2 palatine process of axilla bone and 2 horizontal plates of palatine bones |
| posterior nasal spine | end of the hard palate, made up of a point where the two palatine bones connect |
| transverse palatine suture | In hard palate where the palatine bones connect to the palatine processes on the maxilla |
| horizontal plates of palatine bones | Make up back part of the hard palate - articulate with palatine process on the maxilla |
| Intermaxillary suture | In the hard palate - connects palatine processes to each other and horizontal plate of palatine bones to each other (line going front to back) |
| Premaxillary suture | only seen in young children and animals Divides incisor teeth from cuspids teeth |
| Premaxilla | Part of palatine process most in front that touches to front teeth |
| Incisive foramen | little hole where premaxillary suture and intermaxillary suture cross |
| where palatine bones touch (cavities) | roof of oral cavity, floor and lateral wall of nasal cavity, orbital cavity |
| Lacrimal bone | tiny bones by where the tear ducts are "Sock-like" |
| Nasal bone | look like boots - two of them - pointy They connect to each other by where the "heal" is |
| Vomer | midline bone - only one of them Super thin and flat In the nasal septum |
| Nasal septum | vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid, septal cartilage |
| Zygomatic | cheek bone |
| Frontal process of zygomatic | part of zygomatic that articulates with frontal bone |
| Orbital surface of zygomatic | Part of zygomatic by the eyes |
| Temporal process of zygomatic | part of zygomatic that articulates with temporal bone |
| maxillary process of zygomatic | Part of zygomatic that articulates with maxilla |
| nasal conchae | scroll-like bones covered with mucosal lining superior, middle, inferior inside nasal cavity |
| Inferior nasal conchae | Only one that's its own separate bone of the conchae |
| Bones of cranium | Ethmoid Sphenoid Frontal Parietal Occipital temporal |
| ethmoid | sits right in the middle of skull Very delicate articulates with 15 different bones? |
| Crista galli of ethmoid | Top part of ethmoid bone |
| Perpendicular plate of ethmoid | Part that goes straight down in ethmoid bone |
| Cribriform plate of ethmoid | plate on ethmoid toward the top |
| orbital surface | part of ethmoid bone that is by the eyes |
| Ethmoidal sinuses | in ethmoid bone, little spaces throughout |
| Sphenoid | butterfly/moth-shaped bone Centrally located |
| Lesser wing of Sphenoid | "antenna" of moth |
| Greater wing of Sphenoid | "wing" of moth |
| Pterygoid processes of Sphenoid | "legs" of moth |
| Optic canal of Sphenoid | "eyes" of moth optic nerve/cranial nerve II goes through them |
| Stella turcica | little box coming out of sphenoid bone |
| Hypophyseal fossa | space inside stella turcica Where pituitary gland sits |
| Frontal bone | The one where you can see the eyes in Forehead bone |
| Supraorbital margin - frontal bone | above the eyes on frontal bone |
| parietal bone | square looking bone |
| Coronal suture | Suture between frontal and parietal bones |
| occipital bone | has a big hole in it (foramen magnum) back of the head |
| Cerebellar fossa - Occipital bone | On the inside of occipital bone where the cerebellum lies |
| Condyle on Occipital bone | knuckle shaped bumps on outside of occipital bone that sits on the facet for occiput |
| temporal bone | weird shaped bone with a big piece sticking out |
| Squamous portion - temporal bone | flat part of the temporal bone |
| Zygomatic process - temporal bone | Process on temporal bone that goes out and articulates with the zygomatic bone |
| mastoid portion | Part of temporal bone that has the mastoid process on it |
| mandibular fossa | little cave in temporal bone that touches the mandible |
| External auditory meatus | hole in temporal bone that connects to auditory canal |
| tympanic portion | Area on temporal bone around the external auditory meatus |
| Petrous portion | Area on temporal bone that houses the internal ear including: cochlea and semi-circular canals Looks like a handle that you can grab onto on the inside of the temporal bone |
| Crown - teeth | part that you can see on the teeth |
| neck - teeth | Part between crown and root of tooth |
| Gingival line | Gums |
| Root - teeth | bottom part of teeth |
| enamel - teeth | Covers crown on teeth - hardest substance in the body |
| Dentin - teeth | Main part of tooth - avascular (no blood supply) |
| cementum - teeth | Covers root on tooth - bone-like but not as hard as enamel |
| Types of teeth and why we have so many types | Incisors (4) Canines (2) Premolars (4) Molars (6) We have so many types because we eat many different things |
| Incisors - teeth | 4 Front teeth (central and lateral) |
| Canine - teeth | sharp teeth next to incisors (2 of them in each set) Good for tearing |
| Premolars - teeth | 4 molars between the canines and molars |
| Molars - teeth | 6 back teeth including wisdom teeth Good for grinding |
| Dental occlusion | how the teeth line up |
| Class I Occlusion | mandibular and maxillary molars pretty much line up not more that 1/2 of a tooth off |
| Class II occlusion | mandibular molars retracted at least 1 tooth behind maxillary molars ( over bite) |
| Class III occlusion | mandibular molars advanced at least 1 tooth infront of maxillary molars (under bite) |
| Hyperdontia | born with too many teeth |
| Supernumerary | "extra" teeth |
| micrognathia | mandible is too small - looks like class 2 |
| Buccal cavity | Cheek cavity |
| Pharyngeal cavity | Area of the pharynx from base of skull to cricoid cartilage muscles stronger the lower down the cavity you go |
| Nasal cavity | In the nose Covered in mucus membrane to moisten air Blood capillaries warm the air |
| Median raphe | Division of palate front to back |
| Uvula | Dangling thing in back of throat Can be cleft |
| Velum | Soft palate |
| Rugae | ridges to help in chewing on top of mouth |
| buccinator muscle | Cheek muscle |
| palatine tonsils | Made of lymph tissue between the faucial pillars |
| Faucial pillars | Anterior and posterior bands of tissue running laterally on soft palate |
| Muscles of the face | 12 Focused on moving lips |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles Extrinsic tongue muscles Mandibular elevators and depressors | move the tongue |
| Muscles of the velum | Move the soft palate |
| Pharyngeal musculature | move pharynx |
| Innervation | What nerves are going to muscles and making them work |
| Cupid's bow - lips | Little divot in the top of lips |
| Philtrum | waves between bottom of nose and cupid's bow |
| Vermillion border | Lines the lips a bit darker than the rest of the lips |
| Lips | Used for speech and facial expression High vascular supply and surface epithelium is transparent - making them pink/redish Lower lip is faster and stronger than upper lip |
| Orbicularis oris | Muscle around the lips that a lot of muscles insert into Function: Close the mouth and pucker the lips |
| Risorius | Back of face to corners of mouth function - retract lips at corners (smile laterally) |
| levator labii superioris alaeque nasi | top of maxilla to upper lip Function - elevate upper lip (elvis muscle) |
| levator labii superioris | infraorbital margin to upper lip function - elevate upper lip |
| Zygomatic major | Zygomatic bone to corner of lip Function - retract mouth up and laterally (big smile) |
| Zygomatic minor | Zygomatic bone to upper lip Function - elevate the upper lip |
| Levator anguli oris | Maxilla to upper and lower lip function - elevate upper lip, draws corners of mouth up and medial |
| Mentalis | mandible to chin Function - elevates and wrinkles chin and pulls lower lip out (pout) |
| depressor labii inferioris | mandible to lower lip function - pull lip down and out (pout) |
| Depressor anguli oris | mandible to lower lip function - depress corners of mouth and compress upper lip against lower lip |
| buccinator muscle | posterior of maxilla and mandible to lips function - presses cheeks against teeth for mastication |
| Mastication | chewing |
| platysma | superficial - fascia of chest to mandible function - depresses mandible Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII) muscle of mastication |
| Dorsum/blade - tongue | main top of tongue |
| tip - tongue | the end of the tongue |
| Oral portion - tongue | Parts of the tongue in the oral cavity |
| Pharyngeal portion - tongue | Parts of the tongue in the pharyngeal cavity |
| Root - tongue | Bottom of the tongue |
| Median fibrous septum - tongue | Septum internally that divides the tongue into two From the hyoid bone to the whole tongue |
| pharyngeal surface - tongue | part of the tongue that makes up the pharyngeal portion of the tongue |
| foramen cecum | pit in the tongue - looks like a hole |
| terminal sulcus | "v" indentation on the tongue |
| Vallate papillae | Go along under the "v" on the tongue |
| Lingual papillae | On the tongue (contain taste buds?) |
| Central sulcus | visible line on the tongue going front to back |
| Inferior surface of the tongue | Underside of the tongue Contains lots of blood vessels |
| Sublingual folds | Transverse bands of tissue on either side of tongue (underside) Ducts for sublingual salivary glands |
| Lingual frenulum | Band of tissue from inner mandibular mucosa to bottom of tongue (tie of the tongue) |
| Floor of mouth | Under the tongue |
| Intrinsic tongue muscles | All innervated by CN XII (hypoglossal) Provide fine, rapid, graded, controlled movements of the tongue which help in speech |
| Superior longitudinal muscle - tongue | down the length of the tongue on the top from the hyoid bone to the tip of the tongue inside the tongue Function - elevate tip of the tongue and pull tongue from one side to the other, retract tongue |
| inferior longitudinal muscle - tongue | down the length of the tongue on the bottom from the hyoid bone to tip of the tongue inside the tongue function - pulls tip of tongue down, pull tongue side to side, retract tongue |
| transverse muscle - tongue | median fibrous septum to sides of tongues on the inside of the tongue function - narrow tongue |
| vertical muscle- tongue | bottom of tongue (on the part that sticks out) to top of the tongue function - flattens the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | move tongue as a unit - general position of the tongue |
| genioglossus | Innervated by hypoglossal (CN XII) strongest and largest of extrinsic tongue muscles forms bulk of tongue tissue (mandible to tip, blade, hyoid bone) function - anterior contracts - retracts posterior contracts - protrudes all contracts - depress |
| Hyoglossus | Innervated by the hypoglossal (CN XII) thin and wide hyoid to sides of tongue on the outside function - pulls tongue down |
| Styloglossus | Innervated by hypoglossal (CN XII) styloglossus - styloid process to tongue function - pulls tongue back and up |
| Palatoglossus | Innervated by vagus (CN X) and Spinal Accessory (CN XI) side of tongue to soft palate function - raise back of tongue and lower soft palate |
| Mandibular elevators and depressors | Move mandible - therefore the tongue too - muscles of mastication Most are innervated by trigeminal (CN V) |
| Mandibular elecators | Masseter (V) Temporalis (V) Medial Pterygois (V) |
| Mandibular depressors | Digastric Mylohyoid Geniohyoid (XII - Hypoglossal) |
| Lateral Pterygoid | Protrudes mandible Muscle of mastication Innervated by trigeminal (CN V) |
| Masseter muscle | zygomatic arch to mandible - thick function - raise mandible for slow powerful chewing |
| Temporalis muscle | "fan-shaped" muscle - thin and broad Temporal fossa/bone to mandible function - elevates mandible for fast, snapping chewing |
| Pterygoid muscles | Lateral and medial lateral pterygoid process of sphenoid to mandible - protrudes mandible, moves mandible from side to side medial pterygoid process of sphenoid to mandible - elevate mandible, move it side to side |
| Velum | Made of muscle palatal aponeurosis, and mucus membrane can be elevated, lowered, or tensed |
| Levator Veli Palatini | primary elevator of the soft palate (looks like a sling) also retracts soft palate and helps open eustachian tube Innervated by CN X (Vagus) and CN XI (Spinal accessory) |
| musculus uvulae | In the uvula, contracts/shortens soft palate Innervated by CN X (Vagus) and CN XI (Spinal accessory) |
| tensor Veli Palatini | Tenses soft palate, most important muscle for opening eustachian tube Innervated by CN V (Trigeminal) |
| Palatopharyngeus | soft palate to thyroid cartilage Lower soft palate and narrow pharynx |
| Palatal aponeurosis | attaches soft palate muscles to palatine bones (hard palate) |
| Pharynx | made of muscle and connective tissue All muscles in it form the tube of the pharynx - get stronger as they go down |
| Superior Phayngeal constrictor | buccinator to median pharyngeal raphe Function: Constricts pharynx, helps pull pharynx wall forward Innervated by Vagus (X) and spinal accessory (XI) |
| Median pharyngeal constrictor | hyoid bone to median pharyngeal raphe Function - Constricts pharynx Innervated by vagus (X) and spinal accessory (XI) |
| Inferior pharyngeal constrictor | thickest and strongest of pharyngeal constrictors Two parts - Thyropharyngeal part - thyroid to median pharyngeal raphe - Cricopharyngeal part - cricoid to esophagus Function - constricts esophagus Innervated by vagus (X) and Spinal accessory (XI) |
| Stylopharyngeus | Styloid process to pharyngeal constrictors Function: elevate and open pharynx Innervated by glossopharyngeal (CN IX) |
| Salpingopharyngeus | eustachian tube to palatopharyngeus where it joins function: elevate pharynx Innervated by vagus (X) and Spinal Accessory (XI) |
| Maxillary Sinus | hole/pocket on inside of maxilla |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| Bolus | "Food package" |
| Oral Preparatory stage | Voluntary Creating the bolus |
| Oral stage | Voluntary the bolus of food is moved from the oral cavity back to the faucial pillars |
| Pharyngeal stage | Involuntary Most dangerous - Airway closure - pharyngeal constriction - Upper esophageal sphincter opening |
| Esophageal phase | Involuntary bolus transported through esophagus to stomach Peristaltic contractions |
| Peristaltic contractions/Peristalsis | smaller contractions than pharyngeal contractions that happen in the esophagus |
| Central control theories | Master control mechanism plans muscle movements based on a linguistic goal Explains how we can be very fast but down't explain coarticulation |
| Dynamic Systems theories | Muscles have a goal of making a certain sound but they are free to work within certain degrees of freedom depending on the context of the sound Don't explain how fast we can be |
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