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BIO

Cell Cycle

QuestionAnswer
Cell Cycle Series of steps a cell goes through as it grows and divides into two identical daughter cells
G0 cell is at rest, doing regular work
G1 Prepares to divide, grows, protein synthesis; near end of G1 organelles duplicate
G2 Further growth, checks for DNA errors & repairs them
S phase DNA replication
Interphase G1, S, G2 - cell is preparing for mitosis
helicase enzyme that unzips DNA
DNA polymerase builds new DNA strand
DNA ligase enzyme that connects Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand
antiparallel the two complementary sugar-phosphate backbones of the DNA running in opposite directions, one in a 3' to 5' direction and the other in a 5' to 3' direction
homologous chromosomes similar chromosomes that have different versions of the same genes
sister chromatids two identical copies of a single replicated chromosome
centromere where sister chromatids attach
Prophase mitosis - chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers emerge
Metaphase mitosis - chromosomes line up along center, spindle fibers attach to centromere
Anaphase mitosis - sister chromatids separate
Telophase mitosis - new nuclear envelope forms, chromosome uncoil, happens with cytokinesis
Cytokinesis physically divides the cytoplasm
cell cycle checkpoints make sure everything in the cell is working properly before dividing
cancer When cell cycle is dysregulated, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and division
mutagens altered DNA due to mutations, disrupts cell growth and division, cells behave abnormally
carcinogens damage DNA, or interfere with the ability to repair the DNA, that can cause cells to divide uncontrollably
karyotype an organized profile of chromosomes
Somatic Cells body cells, diploid, made during mitosis
Gametes sex cells, haploid, made during meiosis
Prophase 1 meiosis - Chromosomes condense, Homologous pairs (tetrads) crossing over occurs
Metaphase 1 meiosis - Homologous chromosomes (tetrads) line up in center of cell (alignment is random)
Anaphase 1 meiosis - Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite sides (sister chromatids stay together)
Telophase 1/Cytokinesis meiosis - Nuclear membranes form, cell divides into 2 daughter cells
Prophase 2 meiosis - Chromosomes condense Nuclear envelope break down
Metaphase 2 meiosis - Chromosomes line up in center of cell
Anaphase 2 meiosis - Sister chromatids separate to opposite sides of cell
Telophase 2 meiosis - New nuclear envelopes form
end result of meiosis 4 new daughter cells, haploid, not identical (gametes)
end result mitosis 2 daughter cells, identical
crossing over Segments of DNA are exchanged between non-sister chromatids (one maternal, one paternal) of homologous chromosome pairs.
independent assortment different combinations of chromosomes inherited by egg and sperm pair up randomly during Metaphase I
Created by: JSheahan1
 

 



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