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Bisc 102
BISC 102 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define science. | The systematic study of the natural world using observation and experimentation |
| What is observation vs. experiment | Observation gathers information; experiment tests a hypothesis under controlled conditions |
| Hypothesis vs Theory | Hypothesis is a testable prediction while a theory is a well-supported explanation |
| Stages of the scientific method | Observation - Question - Hypothesis - Experiment - Analyze - Conclusion |
| Limitations of science | can't address moral, ethical, supernatural questions |
| Characteristics of Life | organization, metabolism, growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, homeostasis |
| Homeostasis | Maintaining stable internal conditions |
| Negative Feedback | Reverses change to return to set point |
| Set point | Normal Value |
| Stimulus | Change detected |
| Control center | Process information |
| response | action to fix change |
| positive feedback | amplifies change |
| Organization in the human body | Atom → Molecule → Organelle → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ system → Organism. |
| What is the function of a cell membrane? | Controls what enters and leaves the cell. |
| Components of cell membrane | Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates |
| What is the fluid mosaic model | fluid mosaic = flexible bilayer with embedded proteins |
| Why/how are membranes selectively permeable? What passes? | Lipid bilayer allows small nonpolar molecules through; blocks large or charged molecules unless assisted. |
| What is water? Why do we need it? | Polar molecule; needed for transport, temperature regulation, chemical reactions. |
| What is a polar covalent bond? How does it lead to hydrogen bonds? | Unequal electron sharing; partial charges attract forming hydrogen bonds. |
| What are the 5 important properties of water? | Cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, universal solvent. |
| Cohesion | water sticks to water |
| Adhesion | water sticks to other surfaces |
| Surface Tension | strong surface layer in water |
| Why is water the universal solvent? | Its polarity dissolves ionic and polar substances. |
| What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? | Dehydration builds polymers by removing water; hydrolysis breaks them using water. |
| Solution | mixture |
| Solute | dissolved substance |
| solvent | dissolving agent |
| gradient | concentration difference |
| Passive Transport | No energy, Down gradient |
| Simple diffusion | Direct through membrane |
| Facilitated | Through protein |
| Osmosis | Water diffusion |
| Hypertonic solution | Cell shrinks |
| Hypotonic solution | Cell swells |
| Isotonic solution | No net change |
| What is active transport? Example? | Movement against gradient using ATP; example: sodium-potassium pump. |
| Endocytosis | cell takes material IN |
| Exocytosis | Cell releases material |
| How do you interpret a nutrition label? | Check serving size, calories, macronutrients, % Daily Value. |
| Autotroph | Makes its own food |
| Heterotroph | Consumes other food |
| 4 Organic Macromolecules | Carbohydrates (energy), Lipids (long-term energy), proteins (structure/enzymes), nucleic acids (genetic information) |
| Monomer | Small building block |
| Polymer | Chains of monomers |
| Examples of macromolecules? | Monosaccharide, polysaccharide, triglyceride, phospholipid, amino acid, protein. |
| Difference between saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats? | Saturated = no double bonds; unsaturated = ≥1 double bond; trans = hydrogenated, straightened unsaturated fat. |
| How do you denature proteins? | Heat, pH change, or chemicals alter shape. |
| What is an essential amino acid? | Amino acid that must be obtained from diet. |
| Vitamin | Organic micronutrient |
| Mineral | Inorganic nutrient |
| Organs of GI tract and functions? | Mouth (ingestion), esophagus (transport), stomach (digestion), small intestine (absorption), large intestine (water absorption), rectum/anus (elimination). |
| Accessory digestive organs and functions? | Liver (bile), gallbladder (stores bile), pancreas (enzymes/bicarbonate). |
| What is an enzyme? | biological catalyst |
| enzyme-substrate complex | temporary binding during reaction |
| What are the 4 steps of processing food and where? | Ingestion (mouth), digestion (stomach/small intestine), absorption (small intestine), elimination (large intestine). |
| What is peristalsis? | wave-like contractions |
| What are sphincters for? | sphincters control passage between organs. |
| How does GI tract increase surface area? | Folds, villi, and microvilli. |
| What is bile for? | Emulsifies fats for digestion. |
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