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exam 2

QuestionAnswer
Q: Where does transcription occur? in the nucleus
2️⃣ Q: What enzyme builds mRNA during transcription? rna polymerase
3️⃣ Q: What base replaces thymine in RNA? uracil (u)
4️⃣ Q: What is produced during transcription? mRNA
5️⃣ Q: Where does translation occur? at the ribosome in the cytoplasm
6️⃣ Q: What does tRNA do? brings amino acids to the ribosome
7️⃣ Q: What is the start codon? AUG (methionine)
8️⃣ Q: What are the stop codons? uaa, uag, uga
9️⃣ Q: What is a frameshift mutation? Insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame
🔟 Q: What is a nonsense mutation? A mutation that creates a premature stop codon.
1️⃣ Q: What is the main structure of the plasma membrane? Phospholipid bilayer.
2️⃣ Q: Are phospholipid heads hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Hydrophilic.
3️⃣ Q: What is the function of cholesterol in the membrane? Maintains fluidity and stability.
4️⃣ Q: What makes the membrane selectively permeable? The hydrophobic interior of the bilayer.
5️⃣ Q: Name 3 functions of membrane proteins. Transport, receptors, enzymes, cell recognition, anchoring.
1️⃣ Q: Does passive transport require ATP? no
2️⃣ Q: Does active transport require ATP? yes
3️⃣ Q: What is diffusion? movement from high to low concetration
4️⃣ Q: What is osmosis? diffusion of water
5️⃣ Q: What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? it swells
6️⃣ Q: What happens in a hypertonic solution? it shrinks
1️⃣ Q: What is the apical surface of epithelium? The free/top surface.
2️⃣ Q: What is the basement membrane? Layer that anchors epithelium to connective tissue.
3️⃣ Q: What are the 3 components of connective tissue? Cells, fibers, ground substance.
4️⃣ Q: Which muscle type is voluntary? Skeletal muscle.
5️⃣ Q: Which muscle type is striated but involuntary? Cardiac muscle.
6️⃣ Q: Which muscle type is nonstriated and involuntary? Smooth muscle.
7️⃣ Q: What is the function of nervous tissue? : Communication via electrical signals.
1️⃣ Q: What are the three skin layers (superficial to deep)? Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis.
2️⃣ Q: What is the hypodermis made mostly of? Adipose tissue.
3️⃣ Q: What is keratin? Tough structural protein.
4️⃣ Q: What is keratinization? Process where cells fill with keratin and die.
5️⃣ Q: Which cells produce melanin? Melanocytes.
6️⃣ Q: What is eumelanin? Brown/black pigment
7️⃣ Q: What is pheomelanin? Red/yellow pigment.
Why is darker skin beneficial near the equator? Protects folic acid from UV damage.
9️⃣ Q: Why is lighter skin beneficial in low UV areas? Improves Vitamin D production.
1️⃣ Q: List 5 functions of the skeletal system. Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production.
2️⃣ Q: What are osteoblasts? Bone-building cells.
3️⃣ Q: What are osteoclasts? Bone-resorbing cells.
4️⃣ Q: What are osteocytes? Mature bone cells that maintain tissue.
5️⃣ Q: Where does long bone growth in length occur? Epiphyseal plate
6️⃣ Q: What is the dense outer layer of bone? Compact bone
7️⃣ Q: What is the porous inner bone? Spongy bone.
8️⃣ Q: What hormone increases blood calcium? PTH (parathyroid hormone).
9️⃣ Q: What hormone lowers blood calcium? Calcitonin.
🔟 Q: What are the two types of ossification? Intramembranous and endochondral.
First step in fracture repair? Hematoma formation.
Loss of bone density.
What is rickets? soft bones in children due to Vitamin D deficiency.
What is osteomalacia? Soft bones in adults.
What is Paget’s Disease? Disorder of abnormal bone remodeling.
Created by: user-2027858
 

 



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