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Physiological Adapta
Physiological Adaptataions of Training_12 HMS_FA2_CQ2_DP3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the relationship between training principles and physiological adaptations? | The principles (e.g. overload, specificity) act as the stimulus that forces the body to adapt structurally and functionally to handle increased stress. |
| How does a decreased resting heart rate indicate improved performance? | It indicates a more efficient heart; the heart pumps more blood per beat, allowing it to work less at rest and during submaximal exercise. |
| What is Stroke Volume and how does it change with training? | Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per beat. It increases with training due to increased ventricular filling and wall thickness. |
| Define Cardiac Output (Q) and its adaptation to training. | Cardiac output is the total blood pumped per minute (HR x SV). While resting Q stays similar, maximal Q increases significantly in trained athletes. |
| How does increased Oxygen Uptake (VO2 Max) improve performance? | It increases the body's ability to transport and use oxygen, allowing the athlete to maintain higher intensities for longer using the aerobic system. |
| What happens to Lung Capacity as a result of training? | While actual lung volume doesn't change much, the efficiency of gas exchange and the strength of respiratory muscles improve. |
| What is the role of Haemoglobin in physiological adaptation? | Haemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells. Training (especially at altitude) increases levels, improving the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. |
| Define Muscle Hypertrophy. | An increase in the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers, resulting in greater muscle mass and increased force production. |
| How does training influence Slow-Twitch (Type I) muscle fibres? | It increases their capillary density, mitochondrial mass, and myoglobin content, enhancing aerobic endurance. |
| How does training influence Fast-Twitch (Type II) muscle fibres? | Anaerobic training increases the size of these fibres and their ability to produce ATP rapidly, leading to greater power and speed. |
| What is the link between Stroke Volume and improved performance? | Higher SV means more oxygenated blood reaches working muscles every beat, delaying fatigue and increasing aerobic power. |
| How do increased Haemoglobin levels specifically benefit endurance athletes? | They allow for more oxygen to be delivered to the muscles, which sustains the aerobic energy system and delays the onset of the lactate threshold. |
| Why is Muscle Hypertrophy essential for power-based sports? | Larger muscle fibers contain more actin and myosin filaments, allowing for stronger contractions and more explosive movement. |
| Examine the link between Cardiac Output and maximal exercise intensity. | During maximal effort, a trained athlete's higher Q allows for significantly greater oxygen delivery compared to an untrained person. |
| What physiological adaptation allows an athlete to clear lactate more effectively? | Increased mitochondrial density and improved capillarisation in the muscle, often linked to aerobic adaptations. |
| How does the principle of 'Specificity' relate to muscle fiber adaptation? | Training must target the specific fiber type (e.g. sprints for fast-twitch) to trigger the corresponding physiological adaptation. |
| How does the principle of 'Progressive Overload' lead to Hypertrophy? | By gradually increasing resistance, muscle fibers sustain micro-tears that repair to become thicker and stronger. |
| What is the impact of increased capillarisation on performance? | It shortens the distance oxygen must travel from the blood to the muscle cells, improving the efficiency of the aerobic system. |
| Why does Resting Heart Rate drop in elite endurance athletes? | Because their Stroke Volume is so high, the heart doesn't need to beat as often to maintain the required Cardiac Output at rest. |
| How do physiological adaptations ultimately improve performance? | They collectively increase the efficiency of energy production and waste removal, allowing athletes to perform faster and longer with less effort. |
Created by:
PRO Teacher
carlo.trimboli