Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Spring Exam 1 BIO101
pain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List three characteristics of all living things and give a specific example of each characteristic. | - Cellular (prokaryotic cell or eukaryotic cell) - DNA (found in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells) - Life reproduces (asexual or sexual reproduction) |
| List and briefly describe the three Domains of life. | - Eukarya (animals, plants, fungi, protists) - Bacteria (eubacteria – true bacteria) - Archaea – “extremophiles” – e.g. Yellowstone hotsprings organisms |
| Describe the scientific method including the general steps of it. | A formal way of studying nature. Observations, hypothesis (proposed explanation), experiments/observational studies, analysis of data, dissemination of results (share out; ideally peer-review process and publication of results) |
| Define atom, element, molecule, and compound. | Atom: Smallest unit of matter that retains characteristics of an element. Sub-atomic particles include protons and neutrons (in the nucleus) as well as electrons (orbit nucleus). |
| Elements | pure types of matter that have characteristic properties. |
| Molecules | Two or more atoms chemically bonded together. |
| Compounds | Molecules that contain at least two different types of elements. |
| What is the difference between Carbon-13 and Carbon-14? What is the difference between a positively-charged and a negatively-charged ion? | Different isotopes; same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Negatively charged ions have at least one more electron than they do protons; it’s the opposite case with positively charged ions. |
| List and describe two of the properties of water. | - Cohesion (neighboring water molecules stick together) – lends water high surface tension and high specific heat; this helps organisms maintain thermoregulation - Ice is less dense than liquid water (ice float) |
| Describe the basic structure of an atom. | - Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus (protons are positive; neutrons are neutral); electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells. Typically in a neutral atom, proton number = electron number. |
| Describe the pH scale and explain the relationship between hydrogen ions and acidity. | 0 – 14 with numbers less than 7 being acidic. Higher than 7 you have basic/alkaline pH. More hydrogen ions = more acidic; fewer hydrogen ions = more basic (more OH-/hydroxyl groups). |
| Describe the four major types of organic molecules (compounds). | - Carbohydrates (e.g., glucose) - Proteins (e.g., keratin) - Lipids (e.g., waxes) – all hydrophobic - Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) |
| Explain the similarities and differences among Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. | - Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membranous organelles while prokaryotic cells do not. Prokaryotes are unicellular; eukaryotes may be unicellular or multicellular. |
| Describe the structure Eukaryotic cell membranes. | - Plasma membrane = phospholipid bilayer comprised of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails; the membrane also contains specialized proteins and other molecules such as cholesterol in animal cells. |
| Describe the function of Eukaryotic cell membranes. | Major functions – barrier that separates the intracellular environment from the extracellular environment. Semipermeable – only allows certain substances through. |
| Briefly describe and list the function of the following organelles: ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, mitochondria. | - Ribosomes produce proteins - ER transports proteins/final processing; smooth ER produces lipids - Lysosomes for cellular digestion - Mitochondria extracts energy from food. |
| Describe what a gap junction is; are these in animal cells or plant cells? | - Are in animal cells and used for fast communication; “tunnels” connecting one cell to another |
| Define metabolism. | - All chemical reactions that happen in cells. |
| Describe and identify examples of potential and kinetic energy. | - Potential energy is stored energy available to do work. Ex.: compressed spring. - Kinetic energy is energy of motion/movement. Ex.: extended spring. |
| Describe what a redox reaction does. | - Oxidation is when an electron is lost and an energy release occurs. Reduction is when an electron is gained. The reduced molecule gains the energy stored in the electrons |
| Explain the basic function of enzymes in chemical reactions. | - Speeds up the reactions and helps reduce the energy needed to start reactions. Enzymes are “catalysts” |
| List the types of ways molecules can be transported and identify whether the cell must use energy to do so. | - Passive transport does not require energy and active transport does require energy. - Examples of passive: osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion - Examples of active: endocytosis and exocytosis; protein pumps. |
| Define autotroph and heterotroph. | - Autotrophs are “self feeders” – organisms that can synthesize organic compounds from inorganic reactants. Most undergo photosynthesis. - Heterotrophs – organisms that must consume organic compounds from their food; fungi and animals are examples. |
| Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis. | - 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. |
| Where in a plant does photosynthesis occur? Across what membrane are hydrogen ions pumped to create a concentration gradient during the light reactions? | - Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts primarily in the leaves of plants. The thylakoid membranes. |
| Define cellular respiration and compare and contrast it with photosynthesis. | - Cellular respiration is the process that converts organic compounds to ATP; the reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cell respiration and the products of cell respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis. |
| Write the chemical equation for aerobic cellular respiration. | - C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O |
| Across which membrane is a hydrogen ion gradient created during cell respiration? What does this gradient allow the mitochondria to do? | - The inner mitochondrial membrane. The gradient allows hydrogen ions to diffuse through ATP synthase, which adds phosphate groups to ADP, generating ATP. |
| What is oxygen’s role in aerobic cellular respiration? | - It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. |
Created by:
user-1977880