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The Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bi- | twice, double, two |
| -cele | hernia, tumor, swelling |
| dys- | bad, difficult, or painful |
| fasci/o | fascia, fibrous band |
| fibr/o | fibrous tissue, fiber |
| -ia | abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium |
| -ic | pertaining to |
| kines/o, kinesi/o | movement |
| my/o | Muscle |
| -plegia | Paralysis, stroke. |
| -rrhexis | Rupture. |
| tax/o | Coordination, order. |
| ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o | tendon, stretch out, extend, strain |
| ton/o | tone, stretching, tension |
| tri- | three |
| abduction | Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. |
| adduction | Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body. |
| adhesion | A band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally. |
| ataxia | The lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement. |
| atonic | Lacking normal muscle tone or strength. |
| atrophy | Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. |
| bradykinesia | Extreme slowness in movement. |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | Inflammation and swelling of the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel, which then create pressure on the median nerve. |
| chronic fatigue syndrome | A debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity. |
| circumduction | The circular movement at the far end of a limb. |
| contracture | The permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with non-elastic fibrous tissues. |
| dorsiflexion | Movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle. |
| dyskinesia | Distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions. |
| dystonia | A condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement. |
| electromyography | A diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation. |
| epicondylitis | Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow. |
| ergonomics | The study of human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. |
| exercise physiologist | A specialist who works under a physician's supervision to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness. |
| fasciitis | Inflammation of a fascia. |
| fibromyalgia | A debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms. |
| ganglion cyst | A harmless fluid-filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist. |
| heel spur | A calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the heel bone. |
| hemiparesis | Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body. |
| hemiplegia | Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body. |
| hernia | The protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it. |
| hyperkinesia | Abnormally increased motor function or activity; also known as hyperactivity. |
| hypotonia | A condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles. |
| impingement syndrome | Inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint. |
| insertion | The point where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. |
| intermittent claudication | Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest. |
| muscular dystrophy | A group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system. |
| myasthenia gravis | A chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. |
| myocele | The herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it. |
| myoclonus | The quick involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles. |
| myofascial release | A specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome. |
| myolysis | The degeneration of muscle tissue. |
| myoparesis | Weakness or slight muscular paralysis. |
| myorrhaphy | Surgical suturing of a muscle. |
| neuromuscular | Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle. |
| oblique | Slanted or at an angle. |
| origin | The point where the muscle begins, located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton. |
| paralysis | The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply. |
| paraplegia | Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body. |
| physiatrist | A physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function. |
| plantar fasciitis | Inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot, causing foot or heel pain when walking or running. |
| polymyositis | A muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body. |
| pronation | The act of rotating the arm or the leg so the palm of the hand or the sole of the foot is turned downward or backward. |
| quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four extremities. |
| sarcopenia | The loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging. |
| shin splint | A painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone). |
| singultus | Myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm; also known as hiccups. |
| sphincter | A ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway. |
| sprain | An injury to a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn. |
| tenodesis | The suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone. |
| tenolysis | The release of a tendon from adhesions. |
| tenorrhaphy | The surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon. |
| tenosynovitis | An inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon. |
| tenotomy | A surgical incision into a tendon. |
| torticollis | A stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side; also known as wryneck. |
| transverse | In a crosswise direction. |
| muscle fibers | long slender cells that make up muscles |
| Fascia | a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles |
| myofascial | pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia |
| tendon | a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone |
| aponeurosis | a sheet-like fibrous connective tissue resembling a flattened tendon that connects muscles together or to a bone |
| Skeletal muscles | attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible, also known as voluntary muscles and striated muscles |
| Smooth muscles | located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands. Their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures. Also known as involuntary, unstriated, and visceral muscl |
| Myocardial muscles | form the muscular walls of the heart, also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle |
| Muscle innervation | the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Motor nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle to contract. When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. Motor nerves control the body’s voluntary muscular contractions. |
| Neuromuscular | pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle |
| Contraction | the tightening of a muscle. As the muscle contracts, it becomes shorter and thicker, causing the belly |
| Relaxation | occurs when a muscle returns to its original form. As the muscle relaxes, it becomes longer and thinner, and the belly is no longer enlarged. |
| Extension | increases angle of the elbow and moves the hand away from the body // increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb |
| Flexion | the angle of the elbow and moves the hand toward the body // decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint |
| Rotation | circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint |
| circumduction | the circular movement at the far end of a limb |
| pronation | turning the arm so the palm of the hand is turned downward |
| supination | turning the arm so that the palm of the hand is turned upward |
| plantar fexion | bends the foot downward at the ankle |
| Hyperextension | the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit. |
| Elevation | the act of raising or lifting a body part. |
| depression | the act of lowering a body part. |
| origin | where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton. The origin is the less movable attachment. |
| insertion | where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. In contrast to the origin, the insertion is the more movable attachment, and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body. |
| Oblique | slanted or at an angle |
| Rectus | straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body |
| Sphincter | a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway. |
| Transverse | in a crosswise direction. |
| exercise physiologist | a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness. |
| neurologist | a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function. |
| occupational therapist | helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction. |
| physiatrist | a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function |
| physical therapist | provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques. |
| sports medicine physician | specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles. |
| Tendinitis | sometimes spelled tendonitis, is an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint |
| Myorrhexis | the rupture or tearing of a muscle |
| Rhabdomyolysis | a serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury, The death of muscle fibers releases their contents into the bloodstream, where they can lead to complications such as renal failure. |
| Muscle tone | the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible. |
| Spasm | any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles |
| Myoclonus | the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles |
| Cramp | a painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause, such as menstrual cramps or writer’s cramp. |
| Repetitive stress disorders | a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports. The symptoms caused by these frequently repeated motions involve muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints |
| Compartment syndrome | involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the “compartment,” an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles |
| Overuse injuries | minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal |
| Overuse tendinitis | also known as overuse tendinosis, is an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint |
| Myofascial pain syndrome | a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body. This condition, which is caused by a muscle being contracted repetitively, is characterized by the development of trigger points, producing local and referred muscle pain |
| Impingement syndrome | occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint |
| Rotator cuff tendinitis | an inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff |
| ruptured rotator cuff | develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues. This occurs as the irritated tendon weakens and tears |
| strain | an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon. Strains usually are associated with overuse injuries that involve a stretched or torn muscle or tendon attachment. |
| hamstring injury | can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee. When these muscles contract too quickly, an injury can occur that is characterized by sudden and severe pain in the back of the thigh. |
| Achilles tendinitis | a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon. |
| Iliotibial band syndrome | an overuse injury. The iliotibial band runs from the hipbone, diagonally across the leg to the tibia. ITBS is caused by this band rubbing against bone, often in the area of the knee. |
| Myoparesis | a weakness or slight muscular paralysis |
| Deep tendon reflexes | tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon |
| reflex | an involuntary response to a stimulus. |
| Range-of-motion testing | a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength |
| Electromyography | a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation |
| muscle biopsy | involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination. A biopsy needle is commonly used to obtain this specimen. |
| antispasmodic | administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder. For example, atropine is an antispasmodic that can be administered preoperatively to relax smooth muscles during surgery. |
| skeletal muscle relaxant | administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains. These medications act on the central nervous system and may have a negative interaction with alcohol and some antidepressants |
| neuromuscular blocker | also known as a neuromuscular blocking agent, is a drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles. These drugs are used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to cause skeletal muscles to relax. |
| Ergonomics | the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. |
| Therapeutic ultrasound | uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue. |
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles. |
| fasciotomy | a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure |
| Fascioplasty | the surgical repair of a fascia |
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