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Public policy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does public service include | policy-making, administration, regulation, service delivery, enforcement |
| what is the public policy process | identifying the problem --> formulation the policy and possible solutions --> policy adoption -->implementation the policy ---> evaluating the policies affects |
| what are bureaucracies | structured organizations used to manage complex operations in governments |
| what are the strengths and criticism of bureaucracies | strengths: specialization, predictability, professionalism criticisms: rigidity, inefficiency, lack of responsiveness |
| the challenges of public service | budget constraints and resource scarcity, political polarization and public distrust, balancing efficiency with equity and due process, managing complex, cross sector problems |
| what is a policy window | a short lived opportunity for advocates to push attention to a problem and adopt a solution |
| what opens a policy window | a shift in national moods and party control, a change in administration, and new committee chairs |
| when drives policy change during a policy window | coupling |
| what is coupling | when the problem stream, the policy stream, and the politic stream come together to drive change |
| when does a policy window close | once political momentum dissipates, and no action succeeds the attention |
| what is the difference between governmental agenda and decision agenda | gov agenda --> issues being seriously discussed Decision agenda --> issues being actively decided |
| policy change is not what | linear or rational |
| Equity | Policies are designed to address inequality and ensure fairness. |
| Accountability | Public servants are held accountable to legal frameworks and the general public |
| Transparency | Processes must remain open to public scrutiny (e.g., the Freedom of Information Act) |
| Responsiveness | Institutions are expected to respond to changing societal needs. |
| The Public Good | The primary intent of public service is to advance the public interest and uphold the law. Examples include public school systems and fire departments. |
| what is the role of governments in public policy | Governments play a vital role by providing goods and services that markets often under-provide |
| Bureaucratic Model | Influenced by Max Weber, this model emphasizes rules, rational decision-making, specialization, predictability, and professionalism |
| Problem Stream | Crises, disasters, or feedback reports that bring an issue to light |
| Policy Stream | The development of feasible, affordable, and value-compatible proposals |
| Politics Stream | Changes in national mood, interest group pressure, or shifts in party control |
| who are Policy Entrepreneurs | politicians, bureaucrats, academics, lobbyists |
| what do Policy Entrepreneurs do | prepare solutions in advance and wait for these windows to open |
| Policy Analysis | Policy analysis is the systematic evaluation of public problems and alternatives. It is value-laden, context-dependent, and informs decision-makers and the public. |
| what are the approaches to policy analysis | scientific, political, professional |
| scientific approach to policy analysis | Rigorous and credible; uses quantitative methods and causal analysis; may exclude politics/values. |
| professional approach to policy analysis | Practical problem-solving by analysts/agencies; constrained by deadlines and client needs. |
| Political approach to policy analysis | Strategic and persuasive; used by advocates and elected officials; acknowledges power and conflict. |
| what is the evaluation of s policy criteria | effectiveness, efficiency, equity, and political feasibility |
| Effectiveness: | Does it solve the problem |
| Efficiency | What is the cost-benefit ratio |
| Equity | Is the distribution of benefits fair |
| political Feasibility | is it politically and technically possible, Does it align with political and social values |
| how do policy makers attack public problems | Effective policy depends on correctly identifying the "root causes" rather than just the "surface-level symptoms. |
| Governmental policy solutions | regulation, direct-provisions, taxing and spending, market mechanisms, Education and information |
| Regulation | Laws requiring or prohibiting behavior (e.g., emission limits) |
| Direct Provision | Services provided directly by the government (e.g., police |
| Taxing and Spending | Using incentives, subsidies, or grants (e.g., tax credits for renewable energy) |
| Market Mechanisms | Using market logic to achieve goals (e.g., cap-and-trade, privatization). |
| Education and Information | Public awareness campaigns and labeling requirements |
| categories of policy dynamics | distributive, redistributive, regulatory |
| Distributive | Provides benefits to certain groups with low visible conflict |
| Redistributive | Shifts resources from one group to another; typically involves high conflict |
| Regulatory | Restricts or mandates specific behaviors |
| Why are policy windows described as “fleeting” | Public attention quickly shifts |
| The “garbage can” model suggests that | Solutions often wait for problems to attach to |
| A Focusing Event is | A sudden occurrence that draws attention to a problem |
| The “national mood” is part of which stream | Political |
| Market Mechanisms in public policy typically | Use financial incentives to shape behavio |
| n the ICE oversight case, the focusing event primarily | Shifted the problem stream onto the decision agenda |
| High political conflict is most associated with: | Redistributive policies |
| A policy that successfully halts enforcement activity but increases public health risks would likely score | High on effectiveness (administrative goal) but low on equity |
| A negotiation window that is too short illustrates | Implementation design flaws |
| When participants attach unrelated grievances to a must-pass bill, this reflects | Garbage can dynamics |
| How does 'Consensual Analysis' differ from 'Contentious Analysis | consensual analysis seeks compromise, and contentious analysis supports one side in conflict |
| 'Public Problems' are described as being 'Socially Constructed'. What does this imply | different groups define the same issues in varied ways, leading to differing solutions |
| when conducting problem analysis, you should 'AVOID' which of the following? | using only one tool or relying on single-pronged solutions |
| which factor most significantly distinguishes a 'decision agenda' from a 'governmental agenda? | The presence of a viable and worked out alternative in the policy stream |
| what is policy spill over | defined as a process where one successful item on the agenda sets up the prominence of "conceptually adjacent items" |
| what is category construction | the mental bridge that makes these items appear "adjacent" or related, used to expand the reach of a policy idea, not limit it, allowing policy entrepreneurs to create an argument by analogy |
| why is 'paddling' essential for policy entrepreneurs? | it signifies the necessary readiness to capitalize on a window of opportunity as soon as it opens |
Created by:
Zariii