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BSCI135
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| - 9 amino acids the body cannot make - must constantly be taken in the diet | essential amino acids |
| - subcategory of lipids called steroids - important for making cell membranes and human hormones - animal products like eggs, butter, meat, and cheese - unsaturated fats lower levels | cholesterol |
| - fat soluble - important in formation of vision pigments - helps maintain smooth, healthy skin - bone + tooth development - in animal liver - in yellow, orange,+dark green fruits+vegetables - lack causes night blindness, dryskin, inf, lo bone grwth | vitamin A |
| - hypothesis - theory - law | the scientific method |
| a tentative assumption (a testable educated guess to explain something and to test it) | hypothesis |
| A hypothesis that has survived many tests (and competing hypotheses have been disproven) | theory |
| a statement that describes a natural occurrence, it is based on lots of evidence, and no data has been found in disagreement | law |
| - stem - leaf - root | plant organs |
| - holds leaves - transports water and nutrients - provides support above ground | stem |
| site of photosynthesis: blade, petiole | leaf |
| - usually above the ground - anchors, absorbs water/minerals | root |
| - monosaccharides - disaccharides - polysaccharides | types of carbohydrates |
| basic building blocks of all carbohydrates (glucose, fructose, galactose) | monosaccharides |
| composed of two monosaccharides joined together (sucrose, lactose, maltose) | disaccharides |
| - contain hundreds or thousands of individual sugar units, usually glucose (starch, glycogen) - also known as complex carbohydrates | polysaccharides |
| - large complex molecules that perform many functions in the body - made from smaller building blocks called amino acids | proteins |
| - structure and support collagen - digestive enzymyes - hormones/insulin regulates glucose in blood - hemoglobin transports oxygen - store amino acids - contractile actin and myosin in muscles - defensive antibodies protect vs diseases | protein functions |
| - carbon atoms are joined by a single bond - sold at room temperature | saturated fats |
| - carbon-carbon bonds are double bonds - liquid at room temperature - lower risk of heart disease by lowing cholesterol levels | unsaturated fats |
| - 8 vitamins, all water soluble - help in food breakdown + release of energy - deficiency causes fatigue, weakness, depression, dermatitis, anemia - good sources in meat, fish, chicken, whole grains, seeds, nuts, legumes - B12 from animal sources only | vitamin B |
| -water soluble -important role in the synth of collagen, seen in bones, teeth, cartilage -gd antioxidant+helps w absorption -lack causes scurvy, bleeding gums, hemorrhages in skin, fatigue, brittle bones+ death(sailors in 1700s) -gd in citrus fru+veg | vitamin C |
| - helps to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in normal bone development - can be synthesized on exposure to sunlight - "sunshine vitamin" | vitamin D |
| - trace mineral (needed in smaller amounts - functions as a component of hemoglobin, the molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells - deficiency can cause anemia but too much can be toxic - good animal sources in liver, shellfish, fish, poultry - | iron |
| - most abundant mineral in the body - most found in bones and teeth - deficiency causes osteoporosis, bone density is reduced, bone fractures can happen - good sources in milk and dairy products - in dark leafy vegetables and in many nuts and seeds | calcium |
| - trace mineral required for the formation of the thyroid hormones that regulate cell metabolism - deficiency causes goiter (swelling of the thyroid gland) - iodized salt is the best source of iodine - too much is bad and can cause high blood pressure | iodine |
| illustrates the recommended dietary guidelines set by the USDA | food pyramid |
| 4 | calories per gram in carb |
| 4 | calories per gram in a protein |
| 9 | calories per gram in fat |
| - edible grains of cultivated grasses - major suppliers of calories for human nutrition (wheat, corn, and rice) | cereals |
| - include the grains, the single most important food group in the world - make up 25% of the worlds vegetation - found in almost all environments - monocots (herbaceous, parallel leaf venation, flower parts in 3's, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous r | grasses |
| - tassel at the end of the stem - ear on a lateral branch - silks coming from the eats are the individual stigmas of each female flower, each attached to an ovule which will become a seed | corn features |
| - can be stored for years - coat is fused to the ovary wall - part of the bran - modern: seed stays on the cob - popcorn: hard seed coat - hybrid: seeds come from a cross of two inbred lines | seeds |
| - single more important food group in the world - edible grains: cereals - advantage:dry seeds can be stored 4 years - concentd food source - tillers r important 4 production - parts include endosperm, embryo,+bran - dry: can wstand extrm cold, heat | grains |
| - large cells filled will starch grains - supplied food to germinating seedling | endosperm |
| - young plant known as the germ - rich in oils, proteins, vitamins | embryo |
| consists of outer layer of old fruit wall, seed coat and aleurone layer | bran |
| secretes enzymes that digest the stored starch in the endosperm - rich in proteins and vitamins | aleurone layer |
| central mexico | corn origin |
| - flour corn - dent corn - sweet corn - hybrid corn | corn types |
| - has soft endosperm - easy to grind, but easily attacked by insects | flour corn |
| - has soft starch in the center - hard on outside (forming a dent) - used for animal feed, corn meal, corn starch, high fructose corn syrup, ethanol production | dent corn |
| - endosperm contains sugar instead of starch - eaten immature | sweet corn |
| seeds come from a cross of two inbred (self-pollinated) lines - exhibits 'hybrid vigor' it's more pest resistant and more productive | hybrid corn |
| - little used for food products - mostly animal feed, industrial products, ethanol | uses of corn |
| - 13% of corn - energy efficient for fuel | ethanol from corn |
| - sweetener derived from wet milling of corn - corn starch is converted to dextrose and then further processed - beverage industry uses 90%, but also used in processed food industry, cereal, bakery, etc | high fructose corn syrup |
| found in the near east crossed, forming polyploid species used today | origin of wheat |
| evolved from march grass in southeast asia | origin of rice |
| requires high input of fertilizers, water, herbicides and pesticides | wheat cultivation |
| -adapted to survive in flooded or waterlogged soils -has air chambers on roots and stems, that allow for aeration of submerged parts -grown along a water fern which fixes nitrogen from the air, providing rice with this nutrient -planted on paddies+drai | rice cultivation lms grains |
| - durum wheat - bread wheat - gluten | types of wheat |
| used to make pastas like spaghetti, macaroni and noodles | durum wheat |
| high gluten content | bread wheat |
| - protein that gives bread elasticity - is added to produce CO2 bubbles with a leavening agent and the bubbles are trapped to make the dough rise | gluten |
| - brown is healthier - had more fiber, protein, vitamins and minerals | white vs brown rice/bread |
| - nutrients concentrated in the bran and germ - most nutritious when eaten as whole wheat | nutrition value of wheat |
| - genetically engineered rice to synthesize vitamin A - will help reduce vitamin A deficiency and prevent blindness is developing countries | golden rice |
| - most widespread storage form of energy - polysaccharide: linear polymer chair of glucose molecules - starch broken down by enzymes in saliva called amylase - many plants have special organs for storing starch - usually modified stems and roots | starchy staple features |
| - 33% consumed fresh - 50% processed into fries, chips, mashed potatoes, potato starch - animal food - vodka | uses of potato |
| the andes in south america, consumed and domesticated by the incas | origin of potato |
| - late blight fungus-like organism destroyed the crop in 1945-49 - more than 1 mill people died - 1.5-2 mill people migrated | irish potato famine |
| genetic uniformity, making entire populations vulnerable to rapid destruction by pests, diseases, or environmental changes | risk of clonal reproduction/monoculture |
| - hybrid cultivar of the banana family - origin in SE asia - sweet banana selected from it - sterile triploid - must be propagated vegetatively (asexual reproduction) - eaten fried, baked, cooked as a stable in tropical countries | plantain |
| - a tuberous root of a vine - origin in the caribbean, brought to europe by columbus - rich in starch, vitamin A, B6, and vitamin C, fiber, iron, and calcium - requires tropical climate - mistaken for the yam | sweet potato |
| -a tuberous root, og frm braz and mex called yuca + manioc -produced in tropical afr, asia, s amrc -needs 2 b process to rmv hydrogen cyanide poison released when root there -eaten baked, cooked, fried, oras tapioca -30% starch + little prot/vitms | cassava |
| - a tuber - used as food and as a source of steroids and to make contraceptive pills, cortisone, and other medicines | yam |
| - a corm (short vertical underground stem, surrounded by thin leaf-like scales) - originally from SE asia - mainly used for food - used in hawaii to make poi | taro |
| - berry - hesperidium - drupe - pepo - pomes | types of fruit |
| - entire fruit wall is soft and fleshy at maturity - inside is slimy | berry |
| a berry with tough, leathery rind | hesperidum |
| - outer part of the fruit wall is soft and fleshy - inner part is hard and stony | drupe |
| fleshy fruit with a tougher outer rind | pepo |
| most of the fleshy parts develop from the enlarged base of the perianth that has fused with the ovary wall | pomes |
| berry | banana is a |
| pome | apple is a |
| - protect the enclosed seed - help in seed dispersal | function of the fruit |
| central asia | origin of apple |
| - southeast asia - papua new guinea | origin of banana |
| - brought to europe probably by alexander the great though silk road - johhny appleseed - much of apples were used for apple cider | apple history |
| planted apple tree seeds all over the eastern states, therefore, increasing the genetic variability of the new apple trees | johhny appleseed |
| tree blossom, pollinated by bees | growth and cultivation of apples |
| - clonal growth - propagation by side shoots | growth of bananas |
| - china - US - turkey | top producers of apples |
| - one of the fruits that is sprayed with the most pesticides - part of the dirty dozen | pesticide use on apples |
| - one of the most popular fruits in the world - banana republics | banana in history |
| united fruit company developed plantations in central america, controlling the economies and governments | banana republics |
| - panama disease - black sigatoka | banana diseases |
| caused by a fungal pathogen | panama disease |
| fungal disease | black Sigatoka |
| - members of the bean family - dicots - synonymous with pod, the fruit - examples: peas, beans, soybeans, peanuts, lentils, clover, alfalfa | legumes general features |
| - native to china - later brought to europe | soybean origin |
| - known as the cinderella crop - used world wide - US is a top producer along with argentina, brazil, and china | soybean growth |
| oil production | america value for soybeans |
| - very rich in nutrients - 30% carbs - 13-20% oils - 30-50% beef - many vitamins and minerals - must be cooked | soybean nutrition |
| - 80% meal - 20% oil - majority of meal goes to animal feel | soybean uses |
| - used in protein alternatives and soy milk - oils used for frying, baking, salads, and margarines | soybean food uses |
| - used for paints, plastics, and cleaners - used for biodiesel and bioheat | soybean industrial uses |
| not more difficult to digest | genetically modified soybeans |
| - grass family - grows well in tropical climates - has one of the fastest growth rates - tall cultivars with thick stems - wind pollinated | general features of sugar cane plant |
| from asia, indonesia, new guinea, or india | origin of sugar cane |
| - cultivated in asia and brought to egypt and north africa - brought to the americas by columbus | cultivation of sugar cane |
| - people enslaved to the americans - sugar, tobacco, cotton to europe - manufactured goods to africa | sugar cane and the slave trade (parts of the slave trade) |
| - Plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars - how sugar canes are made | photosynthesis |
| - light moves in waves, in energy units called photons - energy of a photon inverselt proportional to its wavelength - visible light occurs in a spectrum of colors | properties of light |
| - football shaped - double membrane - stroma - thylakoid membrane - grana (stacks) - lumen (inside thylakoid) | chloroplast structure |
| - happen at different sites in the chloroplast - light reacts in the thylakoids - carbon reacts in the stroma | light and carbon reactions |
| transport water | xylem cells |
| transports sugars | phloem |
| - biodiversity - water consumption - water pollution - soil degradation - air pollution | environmental impacts of sugar production |
| - nitrogen fixing bacteria in their roots, in a symbiotic relationship - bacteria take nitrogen from air, and make it usable for the plant (nitrogen cycle) | legumes as nitrogen fixers |
| - convert atmospheric nitrogen which reacts with water to produce ammonium - living in symbiosis in roots of legumes, forming root nodule - convert nitrogen into proteins or other nitrogen compounds, which are then consumed by animals | legumes in the nitrogen cycle |
| - native to south america - cultivated by the aztecs - later introduced to africa, us, asia | origin of peanut |
| - very unusual patter - sow their own seeds | peanut growth |
| - self dispersal - wind dispersal - water dispersal - animal dispersal | types of seed dispersal |
| - agriculturist who discovered more than 100 uses for peanuts - transformed agriculture in the US south | george washingston carver |
| - rich, nutritious, high calorie - 21% carb with 9% fiber - 25% protein - 48% fats - vitamins E, B1, B3, B5, B6 - minerals manganese, phosphorous, iron, calcium, potassium, zinc - good source of antioxidants | peanut nutrition |
| - half for peanut butter - snack, food, candy, oil, animal feed - cosmetics, dyes, paints, plastics, gasoline, nitroglycerin | peanut uses |
| - immune system mistakenly identifies peanut proteins as something harmful - immune system releases symptom-causing chemicals into the bloodstream - affects 0.6-2% of population | peanut allergy |
| a mold, aspergillus flavus, infects the peanuts producing a substance which is highly carcinogenic | aflatoxins |
| - experimentor for producing different types of peas - looked at seven traits or characteristics of pea plants - predicted the concept of genes | gregor johann mentdel |
| - a unit of heredity - a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein | gene |
| the entire set of genes in an organism | genome |
| two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes that cover the same trait | alleles |
| a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located | locus |
| having identical alleles (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic | homozygous |
| having two different alleles for particular characteristics | heterozygous |
| - the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele - the trait appears in the heterozygous condition | dominant |
| - an allele that is masked by a dominant allel - does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous | recessive |
| the genetic makeup of an organism | genotype |
| - the physical appearance of an organism - genotype + environment | phenotype |
| - a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes - parents differ by a single trait - uses a punnett square | monohybrid cross |
| - broccoli - kale - spinach - walnuts - quinoa | super foods |
Created by:
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