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PBS 2.2 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alleles | different versions of the same gene |
| autosomes | chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes |
| centromere | the region of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together |
| chromatid | one of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome |
| chromosome | a structure of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information |
| deletion mutation | a mutation where one or more nucleotides are removed from DNA |
| DNA | the molecule that carries genetic instructions in living things |
| DNA primer | a short strand of nucleic acid that starts DNA replication |
| dominant allele | an allele that shows its trait when at least one copy is present |
| eukaryotic | having cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| Familial Hypercholesterolemia | an inherited disorder that causes very high cholesterol levels |
| frameshift mutation | a mutation caused by insertions or deletions that shift the reading frame |
| gene | a segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait or protein |
| genome | the complete set of genetic material in an organism |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
| gel electrophoresis | a lab method used to separate DNA fragments by size |
| heterozygous | having two different alleles for a gene |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosome pairs that have the same genes but may have different alleles |
| homozygous | having two identical alleles for a gene |
| insertion mutation | a mutation where extra nucleotides are added into DNA |
| karyotype | a picture showing the number and appearance of chromosomes |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | RNA that carries genetic instructions from DNA to the ribosome |
| mitosis | cell division that produces two identical daughter cells |
| mutation | a change in the DNA sequence |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division |
| nucleotides | the building blocks of DNA and RNA |
| pedigree | a chart that shows how a trait is passed through a family |
| phenotype | the observable traits of an organism |
| point mutation | a mutation that affects a single nucleotide |
| polymerase chain reaction | a lab technique used to make many copies of DNA |
| protein | a molecule made of amino acids that performs functions in the body |
| protein synthesis | the process of making proteins using DNA and RNA instructions |
| punnett square | a diagram used to predict genetic crosses |
| recessive allele | an allele that only shows its trait when two copies are present |
| restriction enzyme | a protein that cuts DNA at specific sequences |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | a nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that determine biological sex (X and Y) |
| silent mutation | a mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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