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Psych
Psych studying
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Conformity | The process by which individuals adjust their thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to align with those of a group, as a result of real or imagined group pressure. |
| Normative Social Influence | The infuluence to confirm to the positive expectations of others, driven by the desire to be liked or accepted by the group. |
| Social Norms | Unwritten rules that dictate acceptable behavior within a society or group, influencing how individuals act and interact. |
| Relative Deprivation | A feeling of dissatisfaction or injustice experienced when individuals compare themselves to others and perceive that they are worse off. |
| Upward Social Comparison | Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be better off or more skilled which can motivate self improvement but may also decrease self-esteem. |
| Downward Social Comparison | Comparing oneself to others who are perceived to be worse off or less skilled which can boost self-esteem but may also foster complacency. |
| Informational Social Influence | The influence to accept information from others as evidence about reality often occuring in situations where the corrrent action or beilf is uncertain. |
| Obedience | The act of following direct commands usually from an authority figure even if they contradict personal beliefs or murals. |
| Social Facilitation | The tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others typically showing improved performance on simple or well - practiced tasks and worse performance on complex or new tasks. |
| Group Polarization | When people in a group talk about an idea they often end up agreeing even more strongly with each other making their group opinion more extreme. |
| Groupthink | The desire for harmony or conformity in a group leads to irrational or dysfunctional decision making outcomes members suppress dissenting opinions leading to a loss of individual creativity and responsibility. |
| Bystander effect | The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. the greater the number of bystanders the less likely any one individual is to help. |
| Diffusion of Responsibility | The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible for taking action or helping on a situation when others are present, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of intervention. |
| Social Loafing | The tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone. |
| Deindividuation | a physiological state where individuals lose their self - awareness and sense of individuality in group settings often leading to impulsive and deviant behavior. |
| Attribution theory | Explains how people decide whether someones behavior is caused by their personality or their situation. |
| Dispositional Attributions | Assuming a persons actions are due to their personality not their situation. |
| Situational attributions | Assuming a persons actions are due to their circumstances not their personality. |
| Explanatory style | How a person explains the reasons behind events whether they blame themselves or outside factors. |
| Optimistic explanatory style | The habit of explaining good things as likely to happen again and bad things as one - time events. |
| Pessimistic Explanatory style | The habit of explaining bad things as likely to happen again and good things as one - time events. |
| Fundamental attribution error | The tendency to blame peoples actions more on their personality and less on their situation. |
| Actor observer bias | The habit of blaming out own actions on the situation but blaming other peoples actions on their personality. |
| Self serving bias | The tendency to attribute one's successes to personal characteristics and failures to external factors enhancing one's self esteem. |
| Internal locus of control | The beleif that ones own actions and decisions directly influence the outcomes and events in their life. |
| External locus of control | the belief that outcomes and events are determined by external forces or fate rather than ones own actions. |
| Altruism | The selfless concern for the well being of others leading to behavior that benefits others at a personal cost. |
| Social responsibility norm | The societal expectation that people should help others who need assistance without regard to future exchanges. |
| Stereotype | A generalized belief about a particular category of people often oversimplified and not based on direct experience. |
| Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search or interpret, favor and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses. |
| Belief Perseverance | The tendency to hold on to your initial beliefs even after they have been shown to be false often ignoring contradictory evidence presented. |
| Self - Fulfilling Prophecy | When a belief about a situation or a person leads to action that make the belief come true. |
| Prejudice | An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members prejudice generally involves negative emotions stereotypes, beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |
| Discrimination | Unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group or its members. |
| Implicit Attitudes | Unconscious beliefs or feelings that influence a person's behaviors and perceptions without their awareness. |
| Just world Phenomenon | A belief that the world is fundamentally fair leading people to rationalize injustice or misforune as deserved. |
| Out - group Homogeneity Bias | The tendency to see members of an outgroup as more similar to each other than the really are often perceiving them as less varied than members of one's own group. |
| In - group bias | The tendency to favor and extend loyalty to members of one's own group over those in other groups often leading to preferential treatment and judgment. |
| Mere Exposure Effect | The phenomenon where repeated exposure to a stimulus increases and individuals preference for that stimulus. |
| Ethocentrism | The belief in the inherent superiority of ones ethnic group or culture often accompanied by a feeling of contempt for other groups. |
| Collectivism | A cultural value that emphasizes the importance of the group or community over individual goals and desires prioritzing group cohesion and interdependence. |
| Multiculturalism | The view that promotes the acknowledgement and respect of diverse cultural backgrounds and traditions encouraging the coexistence and value of various cultural identities within a society. |
| Superordinate Goals | Shared goals that require cooperation among individuals or groups typically overriding smaller or individual conflicts and fostering collaborative efforts. |
| Social traps | Situations in which individuals or groups pursue immediate rewards the later prove to have negative or even catastrophic consequences for the larger community. |
| Persuasion | The process of influencing other's attitudes beliefs or behaviors through communication often involving appeals to reason, emotion or authority. |
| Elaboration Likelihood model | A theory that describes how people process persuasive messages in two ways through deep. Thoughtful analysis or based on quick cues like how appealing or trustworthy the speaker seems. |
| Central Route of Persuasion | A method of Persuasion that involves deeply engaging with the content of a message leading to careful analysis and thoughtful consideration typically resulting in more durable attitude change. |
| Peripheral Route of Persuasion | A method of Persuasion that relies on superficial cues such as credibility of the speaker rather than the actual content of the message leading to temporary attitude changes. |
| Halo Effect | The cognitive bias where a positive impression in one area leads to positive evaluations in other areas influencing overall judgments about a person. |
| Foot in the door technique | A persuasive strategy where agreement to a small initial request increases the likelihood of compliance with a larger subsequent request. |
| Door in the face technique | A Persuasion strategy where a large initial request is made knowing it will be refused followed by a smaller more reasonable request that is more likely to be accepted. |
| False consensus effect | A cognitive bias where people overestimate how much others agree with their own beliefs behaviors and attitudes. |
| Cognitive Dissonance | A psychological discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding conflicting beliefs attitudes or values often leading to an alteration in one of the beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort. |
| Industrial - Organizational Psychologists | Psychologists who apply psychological principles and research methods to the workplace to improve productivity select and promote employees and enhance organizational culture and structure. |
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