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criminology
midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| according to the _____ view, crimes are behaviors believed to be repugnant to all elements of society. | consensus |
| according to the text, which view of crime is best portrayed in the hollywood hit film "fifty shades of grey"? | interactionist |
| according to the _____ view, examples of a "real" crime would be violations of human dignity and police brutality. | conflict |
| according to the consensus view, deviant behavior is illegal if it causes: | social harm |
| the interactionist view of crime is similar to the _____ in that both suggest that behavior is outlawed and considered criminal when it offends people who hold social, economic, and political power. | conflict |
| in the _____ view, groups able to assert their political power use the law and criminal justice system to advance their economic and social positions. | conflict |
| ______ argued that the deviant is one to whom that label has successfully been applied, meaning that those who hold power will reflect the opinions and perceptions of others. | howard becker |
| according to conflict view, _____ would be an example of a “real” crime. | environmental pollution |
| the best known and most widely cited source of official criminal statistics is: | the uniform crime report |
| which crime has the highest clearance rate because of arrests? | murder |
| a research approach that asks participants, often prisoners, to describe their recent and lifetime criminal activity is termed: | self-report survey |
| a police department could use ______ to identify/target locations associated with increased gunfire during the previous year’s in order to deploy police resources to those areas. | data mining |
| observing a group of people who share a like characteristic, especially over time, is termed: | cohort research |
| criminologists want to see the direct effect of 1 factor on another, like determining whether playing violent video games will impact aggression, they conduct: | experimental research |
| cohort research is time-consuming, another approach is taking an intact cohort from the past & collect data from their educational, family, etc., known as ___ study. | retrospective cohort |
| which best portrays the validity concerns that impact data-collection methods for the UCR? | reporting practices, methodological problems, and law enforcement practices |
| criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as: | victimologists |
| although it is difficult to estimate, the average cost of one murder to society is about: | 9,000,000 |
| victims suffer stress and anxiety long after an incident is over. what is true about the long-term stress suffered by victims? | childhood trauma, including rape and molestation, is significantly associated with visual, auditory, and tactile hallucinations |
| aftermath: violence and remaking of the self, by susan brison, recounts the difficult times _____ victims have recovering from the ordeal. | rape |
| the notion that adult victims of violence are quite likely to later become perpetrators is referred to as: | the cycle of violence |
| some believe that the relationship between victimization and criminality is __________, and that victims and criminals comprise two separate groups. | spurious |
| approximately _____ criminal victimizations occur each year. | 20 million |
| beccaria believed that criminals chose to commit crime, and that criminal choices could be controlled by: | fear of punishment |
| beccaria believed that humans were naturally: | marginal deterrence |
| if petty offenses were subject to the same punishment as more serious crimes, offenders would choose the worst crime, what is this concept? | marginal deterrence |
| beccaria’s beliefs and writings about the proportionality of crime and punishment have been credited as the basis for the elimination of what nineteenth-century practice? | toture |
| before choosing to commit a crime, ________ criminals evaluate the risk of apprehension, the seriousness of punishment, the potential value, and the immediate need for criminal gain. | reasoning |
| who wrote Seductions of crime, a book that argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality? | jack katz |
| the belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature is known as: | biophobia |
| the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological and/or psychological traits is known as: | trait theory |
| the condition that occurs when glucose levels in the blood fall below what is necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning is known as: | hypoglycemia |
| which statement pertaining to the link between lead and crime is inaccurate? | the average blood lead level has increased over the past decade |
| a number of environmental contaminants have been associated with emotional and behavioral disorders. which of the following has been linked to aggressive behaviors on both a macro/national level and on a micro/individual level? | lead |
| according to Shaw and McKay’s statistical analysis, in which concentric zones were the highest rates of crime found? | zones 1 and 2 |
| according to Shaw and McKay, which of the following is false? | individual differences are the root causes of crime |
| neighborhood residents who are respected members of the community in Elijah Andersons' study were called: | old heads |
| social ecologists know that people who report living in neighborhoods with high levels of crime/civil disorder become suspicious. some become so suspicious that they develop _____, in which the outside world is the enemy out to destroy their neighborhood. | siege mentality |
| a renewal stage in which obsolete housing is replaced and upgraded is known as: | gentrification |
| the process of human development and enculturation is known as: | socialization |
| criminologists have long studied the critical elements of socialization to determine how they contribute to a burgeoning criminal career. prominent among these elements are the family, the peer group, and ______________. | educational experience |
| which of the following is the study of human interactions and relationships that emphasizes such issues as group dynamics and socialization? | sociological social psychology |
| one way in which schools perpetuate stigmatization is through ________, which identifies some students as college-bound and others as academic underachievers or potential dropouts. | the track system |
| approximately _____ percent of youths with criminal fathers become chronic offenders. | 37 |
| the attachments that exist among the people producing goods and services are known as: | productive relations |
| conflict theorists are concerned with: | all of these issues (the role of the gov. plays in creating a criminogenic environment, the relationship between personal/group power & shaping of criminal law, the prevalence of bias in the justice system operations) |
| according to Willem Bonger, crimes are considered antisocial acts because they are harmful to: | the ruling class |
| in 1848, Marx issued his famous: | "communist manifesto" |
| productive forces include which of the following? | all of the above (technology, energy sources, material sources) |
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