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microbiology test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The 5 Kingdoms | Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Monera |
| Amoeba •Colitis, dysentery •Feeds on human RBCs •Transmitted among humans via cysts excreted in feces •Vectors = humans, mosquitoes | Entamoeba histolytica |
| •Ciliate •Causes dysentery, colitis, diarrhea •Transferred by ingestion of contaminated cysts in feces | Balantidium coli |
| •Sporozoa •Malaria •Transmitted from mosquito to human & human to mosquito | Plasmodium vivax |
| Giardia lamlia | TRAVELLERS DIARRHEA |
| a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella. | �Flagellate |
| Cestodes / platyhelminths | flatworms |
| nematodes | roundworms |
| HELMINTHS | PARASITIC WORMS |
| Taenia saginata | - a type of cestode/flatworm -ingested by cattle, uncooked cattle meat ingested by humans - causes neurocysticercosis - causes seizures, altered mental state |
| Echinococcus granulosos | - a type of cestode/flatworm ◦ Humans ingest eggs excreted in feces ◦ Eggs hatch in SI; larvae travel to liver or lungs ◦ Cysts formed |
| Types of nematode/roundworm | Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Nectator americanus, Trichinella spiralis |
| Trichinella spiralis | - A type of nematode/roundworm ◦ Cyst found in uncooked pork or beef enters human digestive tract ◦ Cysts reproduce live nematodes ◦ Migrate to muscles & tissues |
| TOXOPLASMA GONDII | Parasitic cysts transferred to humans via uncooked meat infected with cysts 🞂 Cats = carriers for cysts *Caution changing litter* |
| pharmacological treatment of malaria | Chloroquine, Quinine, Doxycycline, Mefloquine, atovaquone/proguanil |
| pharmacological treatment of Toxoplasmosis | sulfdiazine, azithromycin, clindamycin, atovaquone |
| Parasite Pediculus | Headlice, Body Lice, Pubic lice |
| pharmacological treatment of Lice | pyrethrins, Permethrin (Nix cream rinse 1%) |
| Nix dermal cream 5% | pharmacological treatment of Lscabies |
| 1st goal of therapy | Relieve pruritus (itchy skin) |
| 2nd goal of therapy | Prevent secondary bacterial infections |
| 3rd foal of therapy | Prevent spread of iinfestation |
| Lindane should not be used on: | ⮚ Patients with seizure disorders ⮚ Pregnant or lactating patients ⮚ Children younger than 2 years of age |
| Bacillus anthracis, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Pneumocystis carinii ( Infection of lungs) | INFECTIONS CAUSED BYMONERA |
| Lyme disease is treated with | 28 -day course of oral antibiotics (doxycycline, amoxicillin, or cefuroxime) |
| Bacillus anthracis is treated with (Acute infectious disease) | Penicillin, doxycycline, imipenin, rifampin, vancomycin, erythromycin, aminoglycosides, 1st gen. cephalosporins |
| Pneumocystis carinii ( Infection of lungs) is treated with | Bactrim, clindamycin, atovaquone, corticosteroids |
| when two organisms live together in mutually beneficial relationship | Symbiosis |
| Escherichia coli + Lactobacillus | 'good bacteria" |
| Glycocalyx | sticky substance on exterior (Bacterial cell ) Protects bacteria from being destroyed by immune system ◦ Enhances bacteria’s ability to adhere to surfaces ◦ Increases chance of bacterial survival |
| Hans Christian Gram in 1883 | developed gram staining |
| consist of thick layers of peptidoglycan | Cell walls of gram positive bacteria |
| have few peptidoglycan layers | Cell walls of gram negative bacteria |
| stain purple | gram positive |
| stain pink or red | gram negative |
| 1st antibiotic discovered | Sulfonamide |
| For prescriber to choose correct ABX for patient, must know if | Gram +ve or Gram -ve |
| infection is just beginning (GRAM) | positive |
| gram positive drug of choice (take on empty stomach) Bactericidal | penicillin |
| Cephalosporins 🞂 Metronidazole 🞂 Macrolides – at high levels 🞂 Penicillins 🞂 Quinolones | bactericidal |
| 🞂 Clindamycin 🞂 Macrolides 🞂 Tetracyclines | Bacteriostatic |
| Effective against a wide variety of bacteria • Gram positive & gram Broad negative | Broad antibiotics |
| • Normally affect gram positive microbes / can do both but a very smaller variety | narrow antibiotics |
| resistance to most, if not all antibiotics | Super Bugs |
| the term microbiology was created by | Pasteur |
| it was discovered that cowpox could provide protection from? | small pox |
| leprosy. hansen's disease and tuberculosis are examples of | myobacterium |
| macrolides end in ___ | thromycin |
| most macrolides are effective again both gram + and ? execpt for _______ is only effective against ____ | Erythromycin only gram + |
| Broad spectrum 🞂 Bacteriostatic 🞂 Permanent discolouration of teeth Do NOT use in pregnancy or children under 9 🞂 Photosensitivity interacts with dairy, calcium , iron + zinc | TETRACYCLINES |
| Bacteriostatic 🞂 Gram +ve 🞂 Some gram –ve | CLINDAMYCIN |
| 🞂 Bactericidal 🞂 Xerostomia (dry mouth) 🞂 Sharp metallic taste 🞂 bad reaction when taken with alcohol | METRONIDAZOLE |
| Gram +ve & Gram –ve 🞂 1st generation = narrowest spectrum 🞂 3rd generation = broadest spectrum 🞂 Penicillin allergy 🞂 Prophylaxis | CEPHALOSPORINS |
| drug end in _floxacin | FLUOROQUINOLONES |
| Mycology | the study of fungi |
| nematology | the study of nematodes |
| phycology | the study of algae |
| who postulated that diseases were caused by invisible beings (Animalia minuta) inhaled or ingested. | varo and columella |
| who proposed a Contagium vivum as a possible cause of infections disease | Fracastorius of Verona (1546) |
| who suggested that each disease was caused by a separate agent. | Von Plenciz (1762) |
| who , was the first to use a lens to observe the smallest unit of tissues he called “cells.” | robert hooke |
| father of microbiology/ bacteriology and protozoology | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| who wrote the book, ‘Origin of the Species’ Survival of the fittest Organisms adapt to fit their environment Formed taxonomic categories based on evolutionary relationships | charles darwin |
| who created the 4 postulates | robert koch |
| The idea that invisible microorganisms are the cause of disease | germ theory |
| the Father of Antiseptic surgery. | Joseph Lister |
| who used pus from cowpox scabs to vaccinate people against smallpox | Edward jenner |
| who discoverd penicillin | alexander fleminh |
| any organism that lacks a distinct nucleus and other organelles due to the absence of internal membranes | prokaryotic cells |
| any cell that has a nucleous | eukaryotic cell |
| systematic methodology that sets up arrangements of the kinds of plants and animals in hierarchies of superior and subordinate groups. created by linnaeus | Taxonomy |
| taxonomy classifications start with ___ and end with ____ | Domain Species |
| Heterotrophic | obtain nutrients by consuming other organisms |
| who proposed the 5 kingdoms | robert whittaker |
| what kingdom: Reproduce by binary fission Do not have nuclear envelope Able to live in most inhospitable environments Aerobic or anaerobic | monera |
| Benadryl – Oral & Topical Hydrocortisone Prednisone | Medications Commonly Used to Treat Poison Ivy & Poison Oak |
| tinea corporis effects the | body ex ring worm |
| auxillary label for all corticosteroids ex flovent | rinse mouth after use |
| auxillary label for all bronchodilators ex ventolin | Do not exceed recommended dose/some shake well |
| imidazoles, triazoles,allylaime antifungals, plyemes, thiocarbamates | Classes of Drugs Used to Treat Fungal Infections |
| rash, liver toxicity, photophobia | adverse reactions of oral imidazoles and trrazoles |
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