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history exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how did the first "americans" come to North America and why is it controversial? | - the land bridge connecting eastern siberia to north america during the last ice age - debate about whether or not they came through different routes on the coast from Asia |
| How did the adoption of agriculture—particularly the cultivation of corn, squash, and beans—lead to the rise of cities and civilizations in the Americas? | - three sister crops led to a shift from hunter gathers to agriculture which forced people to settle down in one area and the constant food source grew populations |
| three sister crops | squash, corn, beans |
| Aztecs | - they were a tributary state - had a huge population - main city of Tenochititlan (modern Mexico City) |
| Mayans | - extremely sophisicated - first use of zero in the americas - nobody knows why they fell but it was before the spaniards |
| Incas | - most sophisticated - used roads to unite their groups of people - lots of gold and silver (attractive to spain) |
| Moundbuilders | - adena ( ohio river valley) - hopewell (mississippi river valley) - mississippian (cahokia, illinios) |
| cahokia | modern day st. louis - major and advanced city |
| How did the diversity of Native American societies across North America reflect environmental adaptation in language, economy, and religion? | - lots of different languages and climates - many groups of isolated causing different cultures and religions - climate made different groups do different things like hunt, fish |
| christopher columbus | - most important figure in history in the last 1000 years caused: - slavery - mass murder - global trade |
| 1492 | first point of contact for europe in "new world" |
| whyd christopher columbus come to the new world | - very religious and thought he was doing something for God - trade route to asia |
| how did the columbian exchange change natives way of life | - disease - slavery - forced natives to work for the spanish - brought new food, animals, plants, etc - forced christianity - destroyed complex civillizations and made their own |
| why did disease kill so many natives | - new diseases that the natives had no immunity to - isolation and populated spaces made it spread quickly |
| decline of natives in new world was the...... | greatest mass loss in human history |
| how the spanish took down civillizations even though they were outnumbered | - aligned with enemy tribes - natives loose decentrallized government made it easy to invade - disease killed so many - more advanced weaponry |
| Why did Portugal and Spain pursue maritime exploration and colonization, while China withdrew from its global ventures under Zheng He? | - china believed in complaceny even though they were probably more powerful - europe was filled with greed and was big on trade |
| How did European greed and the pursuit of profit influence the creation of a global economy after 1492? | - influenced them to colonize and take over more areas - led to them trading goods - columbian exchange |
| What role did the Portuguese and Spanish play in launching the transatlantic slave trade, and how did enslaved labor shape early colonization? | - transatlantic slave trade - brought africans into new world to work in place of the many natives lost to disease |
| american sense of mission | - last best hope of mankind - manifest destiny - thought they were superior and needed to lead - came from puritans |
| orgins of american sense of mission | - puritans - puritans and John Winthrop came to Massachusetts Bay to create an example of a godly civillization because they believed they were Gods chosen people to carry out his will - england's racism and belief they were superior |
| puritans | - English protestants who wanted to reform the church of catholic practices - believed in calvinism and that people were predestined as elect or sinners - |
| puritans influence | - talked and published more than others - dominated new england - founded schools and indoctrinated people |
| protestant work ethic | - puritans striving to live a godly life and the perversions of calvinism making people think that the more you had/ riches = blessings from God - still present today |
| john winthrop | - convinced group of puritans to go to massachusetts bay to create an example godly community - gives "city upon a hill" sermon - highlights the social obligations and convenant |
| great awakening | - first national cultural event for American colonists - non-demonitonal |
| evangelicialism | emotional experience or feeling instead of head/ logic |
| george whitfield and johnathan edwards | - field preachers (led to it being national) - made the audience feel moved - converted people by scaring them |
| field preaching | - reached more people at once - took them out of congregations and instities (non-denominal) |
| typical revivalistic sermon | - played into the audiences emotions - terrifed them of the hell and the consequences of not being right with God |
| evangelistic conversion experience | - terrified people of hell and pushed them towards God - played into their emotions further insinuating the fact that it was an emotional experience and not a logical one) |
| effects of great awakening | - resparked calvinism and strict behavior - american anti-intellectualism - splict protestant churches into old and new lights - made religion accessible to everyone - added to ideas of democracy and challenged authority |
| localism | - belief that local concerns, interests, and beliefs were more significant than national - led to isolation between groups - geogrpahy, religion, and english beliefs added to it |
| key factors 1 and 2 contributing to localism | - british colonies were est. at different times and for different reasons (virigina english trading company, massachusetts puritans) - english didn't encourage colonies to be unified (different purposes and structures/ governments) |
| dominion of new england 1685 | effort to combine all new england colonies into a single government under control of a royal governor - COLONISTS HATED |
| significance of the dominon of new england | - showed englands failure to understand the colonies - showed the strength of localism |
| how localism came from england | - long heritage of local government - didn't experience a national view - saw english efforts to consolidate as an attack on their liberties |
| key factors 3, 4, and 5 contributing to localism | - geography lessened communication and transportation - came to north american with lots of different backgrounds (nation of immigrants) - religious differences caused conflict (calvinists, pietists, and evangelicalists) |
| nationalism | supreme loyalty to ones country |
| factors that NORMALLY contribute to nationalism | 1) common descent 2) common language 3) common customs/ traditions 4) common teritory 6) shared feeling of threat from common enemy (NOT BRITIAN BUT NATIVES) 7) active will to be unified |
| amerrica had all of the factors that contribute to nationalism but the most important of..... | the active will to be unified |
| Imperial crisis of the British Empire (1763-1776) | - Proclamation of 1763 (stops colonists from moving past Apps to save money and stop conflict with the Natives) - soliders permantaly stationed in colonies |
| French and Indian War/ 7 Years War effects on Britian | - doubled in size - got in tremendous debt |
| Britian Response to debt | - reorganize and control britians new and old territories - raise revenue from colonists |
| King George 3rd becomes king in 1760 and calls for change of... | begin neglect (non-interference with the colonies) |
| Sugar Act 1764 | - thinks colonists aren't supporting themselves and imposes a tax on molasses |
| Stamp Act (1765) | - taxes stamps, newspapers, legal documents, liqour licenses, etc. - colonists mad and start "no taxation without representation" |
| Quartering Act of 1765 | forces colonists to pay for the housing of British soliders and they didn't even want them there |
| Reaction to the Stamp Act | - colony wide protests - mobs (Sons of Liberty) - commercial boycott (Stamp Act Congress) - Parliament repealed the Stamp Act - colonists saw they could work together and had a common interest |
| Stamp Act Congress | - first united colony action against England based on political and philosophical agreement |
| Townshed Acts of 1767 | - new taxes requiring colonists to pay for imports of paper, tea, glass, etc. - led to riots (Boston Massacre) and another non-importation agreement |
| Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770) | - British troops fire and kill some people - Crispus Attucks is the first to die - Samuel Adams quicky spreads word of the terror - Unified colonists over dislike of the British - British troops are withdrawled |
| Mid March of 1770 Parliament repeals the Townshed Acts expect for.... and not because of the...... | - tax on tea - Boston Massacre |
| Committee of Correspondence | enabled radical men to communicate across colonies (Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry) - network of sedition (treason) |
| Tea Act of 1773 | Parliament granted nearly bankrupt East India Company a legal monopoly to ship tea to America |
| Reaction to Tea Act of 1773 | - protests - boycotts on tea - people think that even though the tea is cheaper, its a trap to get colonists to accept tax without representation |
| Boston Tea Party (December 16, 1773) | 150 Sons of Liberty dump 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor |
| Boston Tea Party Significance | - hardened the divide between america and britian - King George tells colonists to either submit or triumph |
| Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts | - punishing colonists (mainly Boston) for the tea party - closed Boston ports until the tea was paid off - banned all public meetings in MA - gave immunity to royal officials - reinforced the Quartering Act - sent in 4. 000 troops |
| Quebec Act | - put a centralized and unrepresentative government in Canada - extended Canadian borders - granted religious tolerance to Roman Catholics |
| FIrst Continental Congress | - did NOT declare independence - adopted resolution to Coercive Acts - issued declaration of 10 rights including life, liberty, and property - created an org. to boycott English goods - agreed to meet again if grievances were met |
| Significance of the First Continental Congress | - 12 seperate colonies acting as one - localism was challenged by growing nationalism |
| American Perspective on Imperial Crisis of British | - conspiracy to destroy colonists rights |
| Moderates/ Conservatives at First Continental Congress | - only rich who were loyal to the king |
| Goals of Moderates at First Continental Congress | - solved problens with Britsh empire - prevened indpendence - avoid lawlessness |
| Why do Conservatives want to stay with Britian | they were rich, extremely loyal, and out of touch withe the compliants of he public |
| Joseph Galloway | saw the nationalism of the colonist nd refered to them as a seperate country from Britian |
| Radicals at First Continental Congress | - not loyal to the king and still rich but less rich than the Conservatives and want more |
| Goals of Radicals at First Continental Congress | - independence - secure natural rights - use propaganda and lawalessness as nessacary |
| Edmund Burke said.... | "those who have much to hope and nothing to lose will always be dangerous" |
| Conservatives made the... | Galloway Plan where they highlight that they don't want independence but instead equal treatment |
| Radicals made the.... | "Resolves and Declarations" |
| Resolves and Declarations | - insisted on rights - no taxation without representation - demanded the repeal of the Intolerable Acts - est. Continental Association - vigilante acts are sanctioned (only two sides) - NOT PUSHING INDEPENDENCE |
| Declaration of Independence | - July 4, 1776 - a theory of revolution - a philiosohical justification for rebellion |
| Factorinng Favoring the Radicals demand for independence... | - combat against British troops (Lexington & Concord) - need for outside help (France wants Britian weaker) - effective propoganda (Common Sense) |
| Lexington and Concord | showed people were willing to die while fighting the British |
| Common Sense (1776) | Thomas Paine argued - fighting had changed the political situation - america was was unique and needed to be separate - america was destined for a special mission - independence was nessacary |
| REAL Declaration of Independence | - July 2, 1776 - called the Lee Resolution - calls for 13 independent states (localism) |
| John Adams tells about his vision of a... | coast to coast empire - July 3, 1776 |
| Declaration of Independence starts with the universal and timeless | we hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal, they are endowed by their creater within certain inalienable rights, that among these include life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness |
| Why was the Declaration of Independence important | - provided a philosophical justification for rebellion for people everywhere - gave voice to AMERICAN nationalism |
| Crucial steps towards American Nationalism | - many revolutionary movements coming together as one - creation of independent nation - influence of Continental Army _- growth of American culture (webster spelling book, bible printeed in philly) |
| Articles of Confederation Government | - weak gov - no executive branch - no judical branch - each state gets one vote - no power to tax - states hold the power - unanimous vote to change amendments |
| Articles of Confederation Foreign Affairs | - Failed to guarantee loyalists legal rights (Britian kept troops West) - almost gave Spain navigatio rights to Mississippi River - unable to negotiate treaties |
| Northwest Ordinance (1787) | - only place that government controlled instead of states - most successful undertaking under the Articles - est. Western Policy for the US (schools, religious tolerance , slavery outlawed) |
| Articles of Confederation Internal Affairs | - country near economic collapse - inflation, debt - congrress unable to control natives (no military = no taxes) - interstate trade wars - TOO MUCH LIBERTY NOT ENOUGH SECURITY |
| Shays Rebellion Background | - postwar debt - states relied on land tax - farmers suffered most and demanded relief from government |
| Instead of providing economic relief Massachusetts gov.. | - issued more paper money (instead of gold) - passed no stay laws |
| Shays Rebellion | farmers led by Daniel Shays rioted |
| Consequences of Shays Rebellion | - sent fear through other colonies - many thought gov was too weak - brough George Washington back - delegates agreed to create a more perfect union |
Created by:
Mariah-y