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PBH220 Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biology related to some or all other subjects | Origins in Greek philosophy (Until 2nd century AD): separation from supernatural cause -Earth’s Creation: Not act of God→ geological separation, 6th century bc Anaximander -Geometry: 2nd century bc - Euclid, -Calculus: Archimedes |
| Played a large role in preserving biology knowledge over time (Greek manuscripts) | Muslim empire |
| Cell | Basic structural and functional unit of body Features: Nucleus - DNA and RNA Nuclear membrane Cytoplasm Membr of lipid and protein molecs |
| Organization of cells | Mitochondria: Converts food into ATP RER: proteins syn SER: lipids syn Golgi: Syn carb molecs & aid in secretory granules Lysosomes: digestive sys Centrioles: move to opp poles during prophase Cytoskeleton: cell’s struct framework, shape & mvments |
| Tissues | Four main types of tissues in the body Epithelium, connective and supporting, muscle, and nerve |
| Organs | Groups of tissues that perform a specific function Parenchyma is functional tissue that perform primary functions Stroma are supporting cells that provide supporting framework |
| Normal cell processes | Oxygen and nutrients must enter the cell and waste products must be eliminated by crossing through a selectively permeable membrane |
| Diffusion | solutes move from concentrated → dilute solution |
| Osmosis | water molecules move from dilute → concentrated solution |
| Active transport | movement from low concentration → high concentration; requires cell to expend energy due to moving against concentration gradient |
| Phagocytosis | ingestion of particles too large to pass across cell membrane Cytoplasm flows around the particle and cytoplasmic processes fuse to engulf particle within a vacuole into the cytoplasm |
| Pinocytosis | ingestion of fluid rather than solid material |
| Cell injury | Cell swelling: sodium diffuses into cell together with water molecules Fatty change: accumulation of fat droplets within the cytoplasm due to impairment of enzyme systems that metabolize fat Cell necrosis: Term for cell injury that leads to cell death |
| Genetics and public health | Virtually all diseases have a genetic basis Prov impr treatment for classic “genetic diseases” Earlier diagnosis & treatment Insight into who environmental factors affect & how |
| Chromosomes | Humans have 46 chromosomes, (23 pairs of 2) 44 non-sex chromosomes (Autosomes) and 2 sex chromosome (X or Y) Sex is determined by XX female and XY being male |
| Nucleus | DNA is in the nucleus which directs the protein synthesis by ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| Chromosomes | Thread-like structures composed of tightly coiled DNA and histone proteins Located in the cell nucleus to organize and store genetic information (which then acts as the instruction manual for building proteins) We get one chromosome from each parent |
| Down syndrome | Extra chromosomes in the 21 pair Most common chromosomal abnormality resulting from an autosomal trisomy |
| Fetal testing for genetic conditions | Non-invasive screenings: blood tests & ultrasounds around week 10, access risk & invasive diagnostics Chorionic villi sampling: frond-like struct form part of placenta & attach to lining of uterus (8-10) Amniotic fl: transabdominal amniocentesis (14-18) |
| Genetic and Congenital diseases | Congenital disease: abnormality (struct or fx) present at birth, even though it may not be detected until after birth; could be infl by environment Genetic disease: result from chromosome abnormality or defective gene that might not be present at birth |
| Genetic and Congenital diseases | Hereditary diseases may not be present at birth and congenital diseases can be influenced by environmental factors |
| 25-50% | % of spontaneous aborted embryos have malformations? |
| Do our genes determine our behavior | Genes do affect our behavior, along with the environment |
| Gene-culture coevolution | Most advantageous cultures survive through evolutionary selection Ex- Sickle cell trait passed down in farmers in Africa to protect against Malaria |
| Social Cognitive Theory | Provides insight into how an individual processes and reflects on personal (cognitive), environmental and behavioral factors and predicts how those factors interact and influence the individual’s behavior |
| Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior | The decision to engage in a specific behavior is rooted in an individual’s personal attitude toward the behavior which is influenced by personal beliefs and subjective norms (the perceived social pressure to perform or not to perform the behavior) |
| Health Belief Model | Perceived susceptibility to the illness, severity, benefit, barriers, and "self-efficacy" Cues to action - necessary trigger for engagement in behavior-external or internal (e.g. pain, media, information from healthcare providers) |
| Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change | Precontemplation -> Contemplation -> Preparation -> Action -> Maintenance |
| Epigenetics | Gene expression changes NOT caused by changes in DNA sequencing; causes are age, environment, and disease states Ex- air pollution incr neurodegenerative disease |
| Gene culture co-evolution | Gene culture evolution is that the most advantageous cultures survive through evolutionary selection |
| Epigenetics and gene culture co-evolution | Gene-culture co-evo changes DNA structure thru natural selection, whereas Epigenetics are gene expression changes not caused by changes in DNA sequencing |
| Animal parasites | organisms adapted to living within or on body of another animal (host) Protozoa- single celled organisms Metazoa- multicellular structures like roundworms and flukes Anthropods- small insects |
| Barriers to the development of antibiotics | Economic disincentive to pharmaceutical companies and bacteria developing rapid resistance to new antibiotics (scientific challenge) Only 2 antibiotics have been developed in the past 50 years because they don’t generate pharmaceutical companies profit |
| Causes to antibiotic resistance | Rapid changes/mutations in DNA or through horizontal gene transfer |
| Antibiotic sensitivity tests | Determine which antibiotic will be most effective against this bacteria Tube dilution: measures the lowest concentration (highest dilution) inhibiting growth in test tube Disk method: inhibition of growth around disk indicates sensitivity to antibiotic |
| Zoonoses | Disease from animal to human 75% of emerging infectious diseases Leading cause is habitat modification |
| Anthroposes | diseases transmitted from humans → animals |
| Impact loss of biodiversity | Lose beneficial species (some that consume and break down environmental pollutants) Loss of biologically active substances - affects metabolic activity of living cells Prescription medications Incr interactions with animals; thus agents and diseases |
| Impact of triad in developing versus developed nations | Links tighter in developing and underdeveloped nations Greater direct contact with animals: transportation (horses instead of cars) Food supply (consumption of raw (unprocessed) materials) |
| Unvaccinated children | More than 60% of the 21 million unvaccinated children live in 10 underdeveloped countries |
| Vaccine stockouts | Vaccine stockouts (running out of vaccines) occur in 1 in every 3 WHO member states every year, with the highest incidence in Sub-Saharan Africa (Lydon, 2017). In most cases, high demand for vaccines causes vaccine stockouts. |
| Active immunity | long term protection created by immune sys prod antibodies after infections/vaccination Immune products: antibodies, memory cells May be naturally developed (natural infection) or artificially acquired (vaccine) |
| Passive immunity | short term protection via natural acquisition (maternal- breast milk) or may be acquired (injection of immunoglobulin- containing antibodies) |
| Vaccines | Live, attenuated- Long; humoral & cellular; measles Inactivated (killed)- Short; humoral; flu Toxoid- Long; humoral; tetanus Subunit- Long; humoral & cellular; Hep B Conjugate- Long; humoral & cellular; HiB mRNA- Long; innate humor & cellular; COVID |
| Humor immunity | Secreted antibodies B lymphocytes |
| Cell-mediated immunity | T lymphocytes Derived from bone marrow Neutralize bacterial toxins Neutralize viruses Promote phagocytosis Activate inflammatory response |
| Disease that improve outcomes of other diseases | Malaria improves syphilis Cowpox prevent smallpox |
| Hygiene hypothesis | Early exposure to environmental endotoxins and bacterial illness prevents the later development of asthma and allergy |
| Immunologic diversion | Immune cells destined for autoimmunity are diverted to different task thus reducing impact of the autoimmune disease Inflammatory bowel disease is modified by intestinal parasites |
| Barriers to Vaccines | In low resources settings; Logistic issues; poor storage poor infrastructure, and lack of roads Personnel issues - shortage of healthcare workers |
| Vision of immunization agenda 2030 | A world where everyone, everywhere, at every age, fully benefits from vaccines for good health and well-being |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr