Question 1

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Accepted Answer

Alfred Thayer Mahan was a U.S. naval officer and historian who argued that national greatness depended on strong sea power; his ideas influenced U.S. leaders to build a modern navy and pursue overseas expansion.

Question 2

Hawaii

Accepted Answer

Hawaii was an independent island kingdom taken over by American planters and annexed by the United States in 1898; it became a vital naval and commercial base for U.S. power in the Pacific.

Question 3

Pearl Harbor

Accepted Answer

Pearl Harbor is a natural harbor in Hawaii developed into a major U.S. naval base; it symbolized America’s growing military presence and strategic control in the Pacific.

Question 4

Queen Liliuokalani

Accepted Answer

Queen Liliuokalani was the last queen of Hawaii who tried to resist American influence; her overthrow led directly to U.S. annexation of Hawaii.

Question 5

Motives for Imperialism

Accepted Answer

Economic, political, and cultural reasons such as new markets, raw materials, military strength, and belief in American superiority drove U.S. expansion; these motives explain why the United States sought overseas territories in the late 1800s.

Question 6

Josiah Strong

Accepted Answer

Josiah Strong was a Protestant minister who believed Americans had a duty to spread Christianity and democracy; his ideas provided moral and religious support for imperialism.

Question 7

Cuban Revolt

Accepted Answer

A rebellion by Cubans against Spanish rule during the 1890s; it gained American sympathy and helped push the United States toward war with Spain.

Question 8

Jingoism

Accepted Answer

Extreme nationalism and aggressive support for war and expansion; it fueled public enthusiasm for conflict and imperialist policies.

Question 9

Yellow Journalism

Accepted Answer

Sensational and exaggerated newspaper reporting used to attract readers; it inflamed public opinion against Spain and increased support for war.

Question 10

De Lome Letter

Accepted Answer

A private letter from the Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley that was published in U.S. newspapers; it angered Americans and helped trigger the Spanish-American War.

Question 11

Sinking of the Maine

Accepted Answer

The explosion of the U.S. battleship USS Maine in Havana Harbor killed over 250 sailors; it was blamed on Spain and intensified public support for war, helping spark the Spanish-American War.

Question 12

Teller Amendment

Accepted Answer

A U.S. congressional resolution promising that the United States would not annex Cuba after defeating Spain; it reassured Americans that the war was about Cuban independence rather than permanent imperial control.

Question 13

Philippines

Accepted Answer

Philippines was a former Spanish colony acquired by the United States after the Spanish-American War; it became a major example of U.S. overseas imperialism and led to conflict with Filipino nationalists.

Question 14

Rough Riders

Accepted Answer

A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War; their charge at San Juan Hill made Roosevelt a national hero and boosted support for American expansionism.

Question 15

Theodore Roosevelt

Accepted Answer

Theodore Roosevelt was a war hero turned political leader who strongly supported imperialism and an active foreign policy; he shaped U.S. power through military strength and international influence.

Question 16

Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico

Accepted Answer

The 1898 treaty ending the Spanish-American War transferred Puerto Rico to the United States; it marked America’s emergence as a colonial power with overseas territories.

Question 17

Guam and Philippines annexation dispute

Accepted Answer

A political debate in the United States over whether to annex Guam and the Philippines after the war; it revealed deep divisions between imperialists who wanted expansion and anti-imperialists who opposed ruling foreign peoples.

Question 18

Emilio Aguinaldo

Accepted Answer

Emilio Aguinaldo was a leader of the Filipino independence movement who fought against U.S. control; his resistance showed that American imperialism faced armed opposition abroad.

Question 19

Anti-Imperialist League

Accepted Answer

An organization formed to oppose U.S. annexation of the Philippines, including figures like Mark Twain; it argued that imperialism violated American democratic ideals and self-government.

Question 20

Platt Amendment

Accepted Answer

A law giving the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and control its foreign policy; it limited Cuba’s independence and turned it into a U.S. protectorate.

Question 21

pen Door Policy

Accepted Answer

A U.S. policy proposed by John Hay calling for equal trading rights for all nations in China and respect for Chinese territorial integrity; it expanded American economic influence in Asia without formal colonization.

Question 22

Boxer Rebellion

Accepted Answer

A violent uprising in China against foreign influence and missionaries; U.S. participation in suppressing it showed America’s growing role in international affairs and commitment to protecting its overseas interests.

Question 23

John Hay

Accepted Answer

John Hay was Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who promoted the Open Door Policy; he helped shape U.S. diplomacy and expand American influence abroad.

Question 24

Big Stick Policy

Accepted Answer

A foreign policy associated with Theodore Roosevelt that emphasized diplomacy backed by military strength; it justified U.S. intervention in Latin America and reinforced America’s role as a world power.

Question 25

Panama Revolt

Accepted Answer

A rebellion supported by the United States that led to Panama’s independence from Colombia; it allowed the U.S. to gain control over land needed to build a canal.

Question 26

Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

Accepted Answer

A treaty between the United States and Panama granting the U.S. rights to build and control the canal zone; it secured American control over a key global trade route.

Question 27

Panama Canal

Accepted Answer

A man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; it greatly reduced travel time for trade and naval ships and strengthened U.S. economic and military power.

Question 28

Roosevelt Corollary

Accepted Answer

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine declaring that the U.S. could intervene in Latin American nations to maintain stability; it made the United States the “police power” of the Western Hemisphere.

Question 29

Great White Fleet

Accepted Answer

A group of modern U.S. battleships sent on a world tour by Theodore Roosevelt; it demonstrated American naval strength and warned other nations of U.S. military power.

Question 30

Hague Conference

Accepted Answer

An international meeting aimed at promoting peace and limiting warfare; U.S. participation showed its growing involvement in global diplomacy and international cooperation.

Question 31

Root-Takahira Agreement

Accepted Answer

A 1908 diplomatic agreement between the United States and Japan affirming respect for each other’s Pacific territories and support for the Open Door Policy in China; it helped reduce tensions and stabilize relations between the two nations.

Question 32

William Howard Taft

Accepted Answer

William Howard Taft served as president from 1909–1913 and promoted economic influence abroad rather than military force; his leadership emphasized expanding U.S. power through investment and trade.

Question 33

Dollar Diplomacy

Accepted Answer

A foreign policy under Taft that encouraged American investment in Latin America and East Asia to increase U.S. influence; it replaced military action with economic control as a way to protect American interests.

Question 34

Henry Cabot Lodge

Accepted Answer

Henry Cabot Lodge was a powerful Republican senator and strong supporter of American imperialism and nationalism; he later led opposition to the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.

Question 35

Lodge Corollary

Accepted Answer

A statement declaring that foreign powers could not acquire new territory in the Western Hemisphere; it strengthened U.S. authority in Latin America and expanded the Monroe Doctrine.

Question 36

Woodrow Wilson

Accepted Answer

Woodrow Wilson was president during World War I who promoted democracy and moral diplomacy; his leadership reshaped U.S. foreign policy and introduced ideas like the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations.

Question 37

William Jennings Bryan

Accepted Answer

William Jennings Bryan was a three-time presidential candidate and Wilson’s Secretary of State who favored peace and anti-imperialism; he represented progressive and populist opposition to aggressive foreign policy.

Question 38

Puerto Rico Citizenship

Accepted Answer

The Jones Act of 1917 granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans; it strengthened U.S. control of the island and allowed Puerto Ricans to be drafted into the U.S. military.

Question 39

Expeditionary Force

Accepted Answer

The American military force sent to Europe during World War I; it marked the first large-scale deployment of U.S. troops overseas and showed America’s growing role in global conflict.

Question 40

John J. Pershing

Accepted Answer

John J. Pershing was commander of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I; his leadership helped organize U.S. troops and contributed to Allied victory on the Western Front.

Question 41

urban middle class

Accepted Answer

A growing group of professionals, managers, and small business owners living in cities during industrialization; they became the main supporters of Progressive reforms because they wanted efficiency, order, and solutions to social problems.

Question 42

William James

Accepted Answer

William James was a philosopher who developed the idea of pragmatism, teaching that ideas should be judged by their practical results; his thinking shaped Progressive beliefs about using reason and experimentation to fix society.

Question 43

John Dewey

Accepted Answer

John Dewey was an educator and philosopher who promoted pragmatism and learning through experience; his ideas encouraged reforms in education and democracy as tools for social improvement.

Question 44

Frederick W. Taylor

Accepted Answer

Frederick Winslow Taylor developed scientific management to improve factory efficiency through careful study of work tasks; his system transformed industry and influenced Progressive ideas about order and productivity.

Question 45

Ida Tarbell

Accepted Answer

Ida Tarbell was a journalist who exposed corruption in the Standard Oil Company; her work increased public support for trust-busting and government regulation of big business.

Question 46

Jacob Riis

Accepted Answer

Jacob Riis was a photographer and writer who revealed harsh living conditions in urban slums; his work pushed Americans to support housing and sanitation reforms.

Question 47

Progressives

Accepted Answer

A reform movement made up largely of middle-class Americans seeking to fix problems caused by industrialization and urbanization; they expanded government’s role in regulating business and protecting workers and consumers.

Question 48

The Progressives’ Philosophy

Accepted Answer

The belief that society could be improved through science, education, and government action; it shaped reforms aimed at efficiency, democracy, and social justice.

Question 49

Pragmatism

Accepted Answer

A philosophy arguing that ideas should be tested by their practical outcomes rather than tradition or theory alone; it guided Progressive reformers to experiment with solutions to social and economic problems.

Question 50

scientific management

Accepted Answer

A system of organizing labor based on time-and-motion studies to maximize efficiency and productivity; it changed how factories operated and reflected Progressive faith in science and expertise.

Question 51

Muckrakers

Accepted Answer

Journalists and writers who exposed corruption, unsafe working conditions, and social injustices in business and government; their investigations raised public awareness and helped inspire Progressive reforms.

Question 52

secret ballot

Accepted Answer

A voting method in which citizens cast their votes privately rather than publicly; it reduced bribery and intimidation and made elections more democratic.

Question 53

direct primary

Accepted Answer

A system in which voters choose party candidates rather than party leaders; it increased popular participation and weakened political machines.

Question 54

Direct Election of U.S. Senators – 17th Amendment

Accepted Answer

A constitutional amendment that allowed citizens to vote directly for their senators instead of state legislatures choosing them; it expanded democracy and reduced corruption in government.

Question 55

Initiative, Referendum, and Recall

Accepted Answer

Three political reforms that gave citizens direct power to propose laws, vote on laws, and remove elected officials; they increased accountability and strengthened popular control of government.

Question 56

municipal reform

Accepted Answer

Efforts to clean up city governments by reducing corruption and improving efficiency in public services; it helped professionalize local government and weaken political machines.

Question 57

commission plan

Accepted Answer

A city government system run by a small group of elected commissioners, each heading a department; it improved efficiency and accountability after disasters like the Galveston hurricane.

Question 58

manager-council plan

Accepted Answer

A city government structure in which an elected council hires a professional manager to run daily operations; it emphasized expertise and efficiency over political patronage.

Question 59

Temperance and Prohibition

Accepted Answer

Movements to reduce or ban alcohol consumption in the United States; they aimed to improve morality and family life and eventually led to the 18th Amendment.

Question 60

Social Welfare

Accepted Answer

Programs and reforms designed to help the poor, elderly, and vulnerable through government action; they reflected Progressive efforts to address the human costs of industrialization.

Question 61

Child and Women Labor

Accepted Answer

The employment of children and women in factories under long hours and unsafe conditions during industrialization; reformers pushed for laws to limit hours and improve safety, helping expand government protection of workers.

Question 62

Muller v. Oregon

Accepted Answer

A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld limits on women’s working hours based on health concerns; it set a precedent for government regulation of labor conditions and supported Progressive reform.

Question 63

Lochner v. New York

Accepted Answer

A 1905 Supreme Court case that struck down a law limiting bakers’ working hours as a violation of freedom of contract; it showed resistance to labor regulation and slowed some Progressive reforms.

Question 64

Triangle Shirtwaist fire

Accepted Answer

A deadly 1911 factory fire in New York City that killed many young women workers due to locked exits and unsafe conditions; it shocked the nation and led to major workplace safety laws.

Term	Definition
Alfred Thayer Mahan	Alfred Thayer Mahan was a U.S. naval officer and historian who argued that national greatness depended on strong sea power; his ideas influenced U.S. leaders to build a modern navy and pursue overseas expansion.
Hawaii	Hawaii was an independent island kingdom taken over by American planters and annexed by the United States in 1898; it became a vital naval and commercial base for U.S. power in the Pacific.
Pearl Harbor	Pearl Harbor is a natural harbor in Hawaii developed into a major U.S. naval base; it symbolized America’s growing military presence and strategic control in the Pacific.
Queen Liliuokalani	Queen Liliuokalani was the last queen of Hawaii who tried to resist American influence; her overthrow led directly to U.S. annexation of Hawaii.
Motives for Imperialism	Economic, political, and cultural reasons such as new markets, raw materials, military strength, and belief in American superiority drove U.S. expansion; these motives explain why the United States sought overseas territories in the late 1800s.
Josiah Strong	Josiah Strong was a Protestant minister who believed Americans had a duty to spread Christianity and democracy; his ideas provided moral and religious support for imperialism.
Cuban Revolt	A rebellion by Cubans against Spanish rule during the 1890s; it gained American sympathy and helped push the United States toward war with Spain.
Jingoism	Extreme nationalism and aggressive support for war and expansion; it fueled public enthusiasm for conflict and imperialist policies.
Yellow Journalism	Sensational and exaggerated newspaper reporting used to attract readers; it inflamed public opinion against Spain and increased support for war.
De Lome Letter	A private letter from the Spanish ambassador criticizing President McKinley that was published in U.S. newspapers; it angered Americans and helped trigger the Spanish-American War.
Sinking of the Maine	The explosion of the U.S. battleship USS Maine in Havana Harbor killed over 250 sailors; it was blamed on Spain and intensified public support for war, helping spark the Spanish-American War.
Teller Amendment	A U.S. congressional resolution promising that the United States would not annex Cuba after defeating Spain; it reassured Americans that the war was about Cuban independence rather than permanent imperial control.
Philippines	Philippines was a former Spanish colony acquired by the United States after the Spanish-American War; it became a major example of U.S. overseas imperialism and led to conflict with Filipino nationalists.
Rough Riders	A volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War; their charge at San Juan Hill made Roosevelt a national hero and boosted support for American expansionism.
Theodore Roosevelt	Theodore Roosevelt was a war hero turned political leader who strongly supported imperialism and an active foreign policy; he shaped U.S. power through military strength and international influence.
Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico	The 1898 treaty ending the Spanish-American War transferred Puerto Rico to the United States; it marked America’s emergence as a colonial power with overseas territories.
Guam and Philippines annexation dispute	A political debate in the United States over whether to annex Guam and the Philippines after the war; it revealed deep divisions between imperialists who wanted expansion and anti-imperialists who opposed ruling foreign peoples.
Emilio Aguinaldo	Emilio Aguinaldo was a leader of the Filipino independence movement who fought against U.S. control; his resistance showed that American imperialism faced armed opposition abroad.
Anti-Imperialist League	An organization formed to oppose U.S. annexation of the Philippines, including figures like Mark Twain; it argued that imperialism violated American democratic ideals and self-government.
Platt Amendment	A law giving the United States the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and control its foreign policy; it limited Cuba’s independence and turned it into a U.S. protectorate.
pen Door Policy	A U.S. policy proposed by John Hay calling for equal trading rights for all nations in China and respect for Chinese territorial integrity; it expanded American economic influence in Asia without formal colonization.
Boxer Rebellion	A violent uprising in China against foreign influence and missionaries; U.S. participation in suppressing it showed America’s growing role in international affairs and commitment to protecting its overseas interests.
John Hay	John Hay was Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who promoted the Open Door Policy; he helped shape U.S. diplomacy and expand American influence abroad.
Big Stick Policy	A foreign policy associated with Theodore Roosevelt that emphasized diplomacy backed by military strength; it justified U.S. intervention in Latin America and reinforced America’s role as a world power.
Panama Revolt	A rebellion supported by the United States that led to Panama’s independence from Colombia; it allowed the U.S. to gain control over land needed to build a canal.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty	A treaty between the United States and Panama granting the U.S. rights to build and control the canal zone; it secured American control over a key global trade route.
Panama Canal	A man-made waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; it greatly reduced travel time for trade and naval ships and strengthened U.S. economic and military power.
Roosevelt Corollary	An extension of the Monroe Doctrine declaring that the U.S. could intervene in Latin American nations to maintain stability; it made the United States the “police power” of the Western Hemisphere.
Great White Fleet	A group of modern U.S. battleships sent on a world tour by Theodore Roosevelt; it demonstrated American naval strength and warned other nations of U.S. military power.
Hague Conference	An international meeting aimed at promoting peace and limiting warfare; U.S. participation showed its growing involvement in global diplomacy and international cooperation.
Root-Takahira Agreement	A 1908 diplomatic agreement between the United States and Japan affirming respect for each other’s Pacific territories and support for the Open Door Policy in China; it helped reduce tensions and stabilize relations between the two nations.
William Howard Taft	William Howard Taft served as president from 1909–1913 and promoted economic influence abroad rather than military force; his leadership emphasized expanding U.S. power through investment and trade.
Dollar Diplomacy	A foreign policy under Taft that encouraged American investment in Latin America and East Asia to increase U.S. influence; it replaced military action with economic control as a way to protect American interests.
Henry Cabot Lodge	Henry Cabot Lodge was a powerful Republican senator and strong supporter of American imperialism and nationalism; he later led opposition to the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.
Lodge Corollary	A statement declaring that foreign powers could not acquire new territory in the Western Hemisphere; it strengthened U.S. authority in Latin America and expanded the Monroe Doctrine.
Woodrow Wilson	Woodrow Wilson was president during World War I who promoted democracy and moral diplomacy; his leadership reshaped U.S. foreign policy and introduced ideas like the Fourteen Points and the League of Nations.
William Jennings Bryan	William Jennings Bryan was a three-time presidential candidate and Wilson’s Secretary of State who favored peace and anti-imperialism; he represented progressive and populist opposition to aggressive foreign policy.
Puerto Rico Citizenship	The Jones Act of 1917 granted U.S. citizenship to Puerto Ricans; it strengthened U.S. control of the island and allowed Puerto Ricans to be drafted into the U.S. military.
Expeditionary Force	The American military force sent to Europe during World War I; it marked the first large-scale deployment of U.S. troops overseas and showed America’s growing role in global conflict.
John J. Pershing	John J. Pershing was commander of the American Expeditionary Force in World War I; his leadership helped organize U.S. troops and contributed to Allied victory on the Western Front.
urban middle class	A growing group of professionals, managers, and small business owners living in cities during industrialization; they became the main supporters of Progressive reforms because they wanted efficiency, order, and solutions to social problems.
William James	William James was a philosopher who developed the idea of pragmatism, teaching that ideas should be judged by their practical results; his thinking shaped Progressive beliefs about using reason and experimentation to fix society.
John Dewey	John Dewey was an educator and philosopher who promoted pragmatism and learning through experience; his ideas encouraged reforms in education and democracy as tools for social improvement.
Frederick W. Taylor	Frederick Winslow Taylor developed scientific management to improve factory efficiency through careful study of work tasks; his system transformed industry and influenced Progressive ideas about order and productivity.
Ida Tarbell	Ida Tarbell was a journalist who exposed corruption in the Standard Oil Company; her work increased public support for trust-busting and government regulation of big business.
Jacob Riis	Jacob Riis was a photographer and writer who revealed harsh living conditions in urban slums; his work pushed Americans to support housing and sanitation reforms.
Progressives	A reform movement made up largely of middle-class Americans seeking to fix problems caused by industrialization and urbanization; they expanded government’s role in regulating business and protecting workers and consumers.
The Progressives’ Philosophy	The belief that society could be improved through science, education, and government action; it shaped reforms aimed at efficiency, democracy, and social justice.
Pragmatism	A philosophy arguing that ideas should be tested by their practical outcomes rather than tradition or theory alone; it guided Progressive reformers to experiment with solutions to social and economic problems.
scientific management	A system of organizing labor based on time-and-motion studies to maximize efficiency and productivity; it changed how factories operated and reflected Progressive faith in science and expertise.
Muckrakers	Journalists and writers who exposed corruption, unsafe working conditions, and social injustices in business and government; their investigations raised public awareness and helped inspire Progressive reforms.
secret ballot	A voting method in which citizens cast their votes privately rather than publicly; it reduced bribery and intimidation and made elections more democratic.
direct primary	A system in which voters choose party candidates rather than party leaders; it increased popular participation and weakened political machines.
Direct Election of U.S. Senators – 17th Amendment	A constitutional amendment that allowed citizens to vote directly for their senators instead of state legislatures choosing them; it expanded democracy and reduced corruption in government.
Initiative, Referendum, and Recall	Three political reforms that gave citizens direct power to propose laws, vote on laws, and remove elected officials; they increased accountability and strengthened popular control of government.
municipal reform	Efforts to clean up city governments by reducing corruption and improving efficiency in public services; it helped professionalize local government and weaken political machines.
commission plan	A city government system run by a small group of elected commissioners, each heading a department; it improved efficiency and accountability after disasters like the Galveston hurricane.
manager-council plan	A city government structure in which an elected council hires a professional manager to run daily operations; it emphasized expertise and efficiency over political patronage.
Temperance and Prohibition	Movements to reduce or ban alcohol consumption in the United States; they aimed to improve morality and family life and eventually led to the 18th Amendment.
Social Welfare	Programs and reforms designed to help the poor, elderly, and vulnerable through government action; they reflected Progressive efforts to address the human costs of industrialization.
Child and Women Labor	The employment of children and women in factories under long hours and unsafe conditions during industrialization; reformers pushed for laws to limit hours and improve safety, helping expand government protection of workers.
Muller v. Oregon	A 1908 Supreme Court case that upheld limits on women’s working hours based on health concerns; it set a precedent for government regulation of labor conditions and supported Progressive reform.
Lochner v. New York	A 1905 Supreme Court case that struck down a law limiting bakers’ working hours as a violation of freedom of contract; it showed resistance to labor regulation and slowed some Progressive reforms.
Triangle Shirtwaist fire	A deadly 1911 factory fire in New York City that killed many young women workers due to locked exits and unsafe conditions; it shocked the nation and led to major workplace safety laws.
“Square Deal”	Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program promising fairness for workers, consumers, and businesses; it expanded federal power to regulate corporations and protect the public.
Trust-Busting	Government action to break up or regulate monopolies and large corporations using antitrust laws; it aimed to restore competition and limit the power of big business.
Elkins Act	A 1903 law that prohibited railroad companies from giving rebates to favored customers; it strengthened federal regulation of railroads and reduced unfair business practices.
The Jungle	The Jungle was a novel exposing unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry; it led to public outrage and the passage of food safety laws.
Hepburn Act	A 1906 law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission power to set maximum railroad rates; it increased federal control over transportation and protected consumers and small businesses.
Upton Sinclair	Upton Sinclair was a writer whose work exposed abuses in the meatpacking industry; his novel inspired major reforms in food safety and consumer protection.
Pure Food and Drug Act	A 1906 law that banned the sale of contaminated or falsely labeled food and medicine; it marked a major step in protecting consumers and expanding federal regulation of industry.
Meat Inspection Act	A 1906 law requiring federal inspection of meatpacking plants and standards of sanitation; it restored public confidence in food safety and increased government oversight of business.
Conservation	The movement to protect and manage natural resources for future use; it reflected Progressive belief in scientific management and responsible government planning.
Newlands Reclamation Act	A 1902 law that funded irrigation projects in the western United States; it encouraged settlement and agriculture while showing federal commitment to land and water management.
Mann-Elkins Act	A 1910 law expanding the Interstate Commerce Commission’s authority over railroads and communication companies; it strengthened federal regulation of big business.
16th Amendment	A constitutional amendment allowing the federal government to collect an income tax; it provided a stable source of revenue and made taxation more progressive.
income tax	A tax based on an individual’s earnings rather than property or sales; it shifted the tax burden toward the wealthy and supported government reform programs.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff	A 1909 tariff that raised some import taxes instead of lowering them; it disappointed Progressives and split the Republican Party.
Eugene V. Debs	Eugene V. Debs was a socialist leader and labor activist who ran for president several times; he represented growing criticism of capitalism and support for workers’ rights.
Bull Moose Party	A Progressive political party formed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912; it challenged the two-party system and promoted major social and political reforms.
New Nationalism	A political program promoted by Theodore Roosevelt that called for strong federal regulation of business and social justice; it emphasized using government power to protect the public interest.
New Freedom	A reform program proposed by Woodrow Wilson that focused on breaking up monopolies and restoring competition; it aimed to limit big business influence and promote individual opportunity.
Underwood Tariff	A 1913 law that significantly lowered import taxes; it reduced consumer costs and supported Wilson’s reform agenda.
Federal Reserve Board	A governing body overseeing the U.S. banking system; it helped stabilize the economy by regulating credit and controlling the money supply.
Federal Reserve Act	A 1913 law creating the Federal Reserve System; it modernized banking and provided the government tools to manage inflation and financial crises.
Federal Trade Commission	An independent agency created to prevent unfair business practices and enforce antitrust laws; it strengthened government regulation of corporations.
Clayton Antitrust Act	A 1914 law that clarified and strengthened antitrust rules and protected labor unions from being treated as monopolies; it expanded workers’ rights and limited corporate power.
Federal Farm Loan Act	A law that provided low-interest loans to farmers through government-supported banks; it improved rural credit access and supported agricultural stability.
Child Labor Act	A federal law restricting child labor by regulating interstate commerce; it showed growing concern for children’s welfare and the limits of industrial exploitation.
racial segregation	The enforced separation of races in public facilities and society, especially in the South; it institutionalized discrimination and denied African Americans equal rights.
lynchings	Extrajudicial killings, often by hanging, primarily targeting African Americans in the South; they enforced racial terror and highlighted the need for civil rights protections.
Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois	Booker T. Washington and Du Bois were leaders with differing approaches to racial equality; Washington emphasized vocational training/gradual progress, while Du Bois demanded immediate civil rights, shaping debates over strategies for Black advancement.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People	NAACP was founded to fight racial discrimination and promote civil rights; it became a leading force for legal challenges against segregation and inequality.
National Urban League	National Urban League focused on improving economic and social opportunities for African Americans in cities; it supported job training, housing, and education programs.
National American Woman Suffrage Association	National American Woman Suffrage Association campaigned for women’s voting rights; it played a key role in securing the Nineteenth Amendment.
National Woman’s Party	National Woman’s Party used more radical tactics, including picketing and hunger strikes, to demand women’s suffrage; it pressured Congress to pass the Nineteenth Amendment.
Nineteenth Amendment	A constitutional amendment ratified in 1920 granting women the right to vote; it marked a major victory for the women’s suffrage movement.
neutrality	The U.S. policy at the start of World War I of not taking sides; it allowed the nation to avoid early involvement while continuing trade with both Allies and Central Powers.
Allied powers	The coalition including Britain, France, Russia, and later the United States during World War I; the U.S. joined them to help defeat the Central Powers and secure international influence.
Central powers	The alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I; they fought against the Allies and their eventual defeat reshaped global power dynamics.
Submarine Warfare	A military strategy using submarines to attack enemy ships, notably by Germany in World War I; it threatened neutral shipping and contributed to U.S. entry into the war.
Lusitania Crisis	The sinking of the British passenger ship Lusitania by a German U-boat in 1915, killing many including Americans; it outraged the U.S. public and increased calls for war against Germany.
Loans	Financial support provided by the U.S. government and banks to the Allies during World War I; they tied American economic interests to the Allied victory and increased U.S. involvement in the conflict.
Preparedness	A movement advocating for the U.S. to strengthen its military before entering World War I; it emphasized training, equipment, and national defense readiness.
Jeannette Rankin	Jeannette Rankin was the first woman elected to Congress and a pacifist who opposed U.S. involvement in World War I; she symbolized early female political participation and anti-war sentiment.
“He Kept Us Out of War”	A campaign slogan used by Woodrow Wilson in the 1916 election highlighting his efforts to maintain U.S. neutrality; it helped him win reelection before U.S. entry into World War I.
Edward House	Edward M. House was a close advisor to Wilson who helped with diplomacy and peace negotiations during World War I; he influenced U.S. foreign policy and the shaping of the Fourteen Points.
Zimmermann Telegram	A secret message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance against the U.S.; its interception by the British and publication outraged Americans and helped push the U.S. toward war.
Russian Revolution	The 1917 overthrow of the Russian monarchy and rise of the Bolsheviks; it removed Russia from World War I and influenced U.S. and Allied strategy.
Renewed Submarine Attacks	Germany’s resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 against neutral and Allied ships; it violated U.S. neutrality and triggered American entry into World War I.
Bolsheviks	A radical socialist faction that seized power in Russia during the 1917 revolution; their rise led to Russia’s withdrawal from World War I and the establishment of a communist government.
Western Front	The main battle line in World War I stretching through France and Belgium; it was the site of trench warfare where American troops helped the Allies push back German forces.
Last German Offensive	Germany’s final major attack on the Western Front in 1918; its failure weakened German forces and paved the way for Allied victories and the end of the war.
American Expeditionary Force	The U.S. military force sent to Europe under John J. Pershing; it bolstered Allied armies and helped turn the tide in favor of the Allies.
John J. Pershing	John J. Pershing commanded the American Expeditionary Force during World War I; his leadership was crucial to organizing U.S. troops and supporting Allied victories on the Western Front.
November 11, 1918	The date when World War I ended with an armistice between Germany and the Allies; it marked the conclusion of fighting and is commemorated as Armistice Day or Veterans Day in the U.S.
“peace without victory”	Peace without victory was Wilson’s idea advocating a negotiated peace after World War I that would not humiliate the defeated; it influenced his Fourteen Points and postwar diplomacy.
Fourteen Points	Fourteen Points were Wilson’s proposals for postwar peace, including self-determination and free trade; they shaped negotiations at the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.
The Big Four	The leaders of the major Allied powers—Wilson (U.S.), Lloyd George (Britain), Clemenceau (France), and Orlando (Italy)—who negotiated the Treaty of Versailles; they shaped postwar Europe and the peace settlement.
Peace Terms	The agreements established in the Treaty of Versailles and other postwar treaties; they redrew borders, imposed reparations, and attempted to prevent future conflicts, though some fueled resentment leading to World War II.
Treaty of Versailles	The 1919 treaty that officially ended World War I between Germany and the Allied powers; it imposed reparations on Germany, redrew European borders, and created the League of Nations, shaping postwar international relations.
self-determination	The principle that nations and peoples have the right to choose their own government and political status; it was promoted by Wilson’s Fourteen Points and influenced the redrawing of borders after World War I.
League of Nations, Article X	An international organization created after World War I to promote peace; Article X committed members to defend each other’s territorial integrity, aiming to prevent future wars.
Increased Partisanship After the War	The rise of political divisions in the U.S. after World War I, especially over the Treaty of Versailles; it weakened support for Wilson’s internationalist agenda and reflected domestic disagreements over foreign policy.
Henry Cabot Lodge	Henry Cabot Lodge led opposition to the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations; he influenced the Senate to reject U.S. membership and shaped postwar foreign policy debates.
Reservationist	Senators who were willing to ratify the Treaty of Versailles with certain changes or conditions; they sought to protect U.S. sovereignty while cautiously supporting international cooperation.
Irreconcilable	Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles under any circumstances; their opposition prevented U.S. ratification and reflected isolationist sentiment after World War I.
Wilson’s Western Tour and Breakdown	Wilson’s Western Tour was President Wilson’s nationwide tour to gain support for the Treaty of Versailles; the physical and mental strain led to a collapse, limiting his ability to advocate for the treaty.
Rejection of the Treaty	The U.S. Senate’s refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles in 1919; it kept the U.S. out of the League of Nations and signaled a return to isolationism.
National War Labor Board	A federal agency created during World War I to mediate labor disputes and prevent strikes; it helped maintain production and labor peace during the war.
Liberty Bonds	Government-issued bonds sold to citizens to raise money for World War I; they funded the U.S. war effort and encouraged patriotic participation in financing the military.
Committee on Public Information	A government agency during World War I that produced propaganda to influence public opinion and support the war; it shaped how Americans viewed the conflict and encouraged enlistment and bond purchases.
Limits on Immigration	Policies enacted during and after World War I that restricted immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe; they reflected nativism and concerns about national security and job competition.
Espionage and Sedition Acts	Laws passed during World War I making it illegal to interfere with the war effort or speak against the government; they limited civil liberties in the name of national security.
Schenck v. United States	A 1919 Supreme Court case upholding the Espionage Act, ruling that speech presenting a “clear and present danger” could be restricted; it established limits on free speech during wartime.
Selective Service Act	A 1917 law authorizing the federal government to draft men into military service for World War I; it ensured the U.S. could quickly raise a large army.
Great Migration	The movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities during World War I; it reshaped demographics, labor markets, and cultural life in the United States.
1918 Pandemic	Also known as the Spanish Flu, a global influenza outbreak that killed millions including hundreds of thousands in the U.S.; it stressed public health systems and impacted wartime production and society.
Demobilization	The process of sending troops home and transitioning the economy from wartime to peacetime after World War I; it caused economic adjustments, unemployment, and social unrest.
The Red Scare	A period of intense fear of communism and radical leftist movements in the United States after World War I; it led to widespread suspicion, government crackdowns, and suppression of civil liberties.
Palmer Raids	Government raids led by Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer targeting suspected radicals and anarchists during the Red Scare; they reflected fear of subversion and violated civil liberties.
xenophobia	Fear or hatred of foreigners and immigrants; it influenced immigration restrictions, racial tensions, and social policies in post-World War I America.
race riots	Violent clashes between racial groups, often in northern cities during the postwar period; they were fueled by competition for jobs, housing, and racial prejudice, highlighting social tensions after the Great Migration.

GT Period 7 terms #1

Part one of the AmStud terms for period 7

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