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POLS 1010 Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Representation | the action of speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being so represented |
| Articles of Confederation | The first draft of the Constitution, limited powers to national government |
| The Constitutional Convention of 1787 | Two significant debates: The Great Compromise and the 3/5th Compromise. Two main factions: Federalists and Anti-federalists |
| Powers of the legislative branch | Passes federal laws, controls federal appropriations, approves treaties and presidential appointments, regulates interstate commerce, establishes lower court system |
| Powers of the executive branch | Enforces laws, serves as commander in chief of armed forces, makes foreign treaties, nominates supreme court justices and federal court judges, may pardon those convicted in federal court |
| Powers of the judicial branch | Reviews lower court decisions, decides constitutionality of laws, decides cases between states |
| Federalism | The system of government in which power is divided between a central government and regional governments |
| Dual federalism | One area of sovereignty to national government, one area of sovereignty to state government |
| Cooperative federalism | National and state governments work together |
| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments of the Constitution |
| Civil liberties | protections from government encroachments on individual freedoms |
| Civil rights | protections provided by the government, usually for specified groups |
| 1st amendment | Freedom of speech, limits on Congress |
| 2nd, 3rd, and 4th amendments | Limits on the executive |
| 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th amendments | Limits on the judiciary |
| 9th and 10th amendments | Limits on the national government |
| Jim Crow Laws | Aimed at forcing racial segregation in the late 19th and early 20th century |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer…to discriminate because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | prohibits racial discrimination in voting |
| Busing | doing this to policies further helped integrate schools over the next two decades |
| Public opinion | citizens' attitudes about political issues, institutions, personalities, and events |
| Origins of public opinion | self-interest, values, socialization, political ideology |
| Influences on public opinion | government, private groups, the media |
| Government restriction on broadcast media | radio and television are regulated through the Federal Communications Commission, right of rebuttal and equal time rule |
| Government restriction on print media | government has little inference because the Supreme Court ruled prior restraint unconstitutional |
| Right of rebuttal | provide airtime for individuals to respond to criticisms |
| Equal time rule | equal time for all legally qualified candidates for public office |
| Prior restraint | government inference in print publications before they reach the public |
| Agenda setting | focusing attention on certain issues instead of others |
| Priming | media exposure impacts the criteria people use to evaluate political events and politics |
| Framing | affecting interpretations of politics by presenting things from a particular perspective or angle |
| Election turnout | who voted amongst the eligible voting population |
| Electorate | the percentage of the population able to vote and the percentage of the population that voted |
| Single-member district | each commissioner is elected from his/her own district by voters in that district |
| Electoral college | total of 538 votes, a president needs 270 votes to win |
| Gerrymandering | redefining district lines |
| Convenience voting | voting from mail, early ballots |
| Referrenda and ballot initiatives | proposing new laws or policies directly |
| Majority system | winner has to receive simple majority, 50% plus one |
| Plurality system | winner is the candidate who receives the most votes, regardless of percentage |
| Proportional representation | winners are selected to a representative body in a proportion to the votes that their party received |
| Political Action Committees (PACs) | funds set up by organizations for campaign donations |
| Party identification | partisan loyalty, issues, candidate characteristics |
| Interest group | an organized group of people that attempt to influence governmental policies or practices |
| Functions of interest groups | provide value of association, foster civic and political capacities, provide a source of checking the government, improve the quality and equality of representation, facilitate deliberation, opportunity for people to directly participate in governance |
| Structure-based interest groups | representing institutions, professions, sectors |
| Individual-based interest groups | groups with common interests that involve a particular issue |
| Public goods | benefits of an interest groups success |
| Free-riding | enjoying the benefits of some good or action while letting others bear the costs |
| Lobbying | the efforts made by individuals or groups to influence the actions of government officials |
| Inside lobbying strategies | setting legislative agenda, hire former members of Congress |
| Outside lobbying strategies | influence public opinion, mobilizing popular support |
| 1st amendment | freedom of speech, unprotected speech: libel, slander, and obscenity |
| 2nd amendment | right to bear arms |
| 4th amendment | right of the criminally accused, prevents unreasonable search and seizure, prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used against you in court |
| 5th amendment | rights of the criminally accused, right to a grand jury, protection against self-incrimination, the miranda rule |
| 6th amendment | rights of the criminally accused, right to counsel |
| 8th amendment | rights of the criminally accused, protection against cruel and unusual punishment |
| The Right to Privacy | incorporated the 9th amendment |
| 13th amendment | freed those enslaved |
| 14th amendment | equal protection of the laws |
| 15th amendment | granted the right to vote to African Americans |
| 19th amendment | granted the right to vote to women |
| Griswold v Connecticut (1965) | established the right to privacy |
| Plessy v Ferguson (1896) | established "separate but equal" doctrine |
| Brown v Board of Education (1954) | overturned Plessy v Ferguson and ordered school desegregation |
| Obergefell v Hodges (2015) | granted same-sex couples the right to marry |
| Bostock v Clayton County (2020) | extended protections under the Civil Rights Act to all people regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity |
| Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (2010) | ruled that donations to PACs and other independent campaign financing cannot be limited by law |
| Benefits of collecting and reporting public opinion data | politicians know what is supported, categorizes particular issues, understands what people's priorities are, records history, predicts outcomes |
| Drawbacks of collecting and reporting public opinion data | misinformation, misinterpretations, misrepresentation of reality, minority groups may feel discouraged, can influence behavior, collecting reliable data is difficult |
| Closed primaries | you must associate with a political party to vote |
| Open primaries | you do not have to associate with a political party to vote and voting for a party does not associate you with that party |
Created by:
erindineen