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Bone Growth
Chapter 6 - A & P Lecture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| where does growth occur? | epiphyseal plate, which is organized into 5 zones |
| what process is involved in lengthwise bone growth at the epiphyseal plate? | involves the formation of new cartilage by interstitial cartilage growth & appositional growth |
| where does appositional growth in occur? | on the surface of cartilage |
| what happens during the closure fo the epiphyseal plate? | plate is ossified becoming the epiphyseal line |
| what age does the epiphyseal plate usually close? | 12 to 25 years of age |
| does articular cartilage ossify? | no and persists through life |
| what are the 5 zones of the epiphyseal plate? | zone of resting cartilages, proliferation, hypertrophy, clacification, and ossified bones |
| what occurs during the zone of resting cartilages? | slowly dividing chondrocytes |
| what happens in the zone of proliferation> | new cartilage is produced on the epiphyseal side of the plate as the chondrocytes divide and form stacks of cells |
| what happens in the zone of hypertrophy? | chondrocytes mature and enlarge |
| what occurs in the zone of calcification? | matrix is calcified, chondrocytes dies |
| what happens in the ossified bone zone? | cartilage on the diaphyseal side of the plate is replaced by bone |
| how does epiphyses increase in size? | due to growth at articular cartilage |
| does growth at articular cartilage affect bones without epiphyses? | yes |
| can you give and example of bones without epiphyses that grow this way? | short bones |
| what are the chondrocytes near the surface of articular cartilage similar to? | those in zone of resting cartilage |
| what happens when the epiphyses reach their full size? | the growth of cartilage and its replacement by bone cease |
| does articular cartilage ossify? | no, it persist through life |
| why is bone growth in width important? | aids in bone strength |
| how do osteoblasts contribute to bone growth in width? | osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down bone under the periosteum which gradually increases the amount the bone surrounding the medullary cavity |
| hwo do osteoclasts contribute to bone growth in width? | osteoclasts form the endosteum reabsorb bone surrounding the medullary cavity, which enlages over time |
| what determines the size and shape of a bone? | genes but can also be modified/influenced by nutrition and hormones |
| how does poor nutrition affect bone growth? | can cause bones to be small |
| why is vitamin D important for bone growth? | absorption of calcium from intestines |
| how can vitamin D be obtained? | ingested or manufactured in the body |
| what is rickets? | lack of vitamin D during childhood |
| what is osteomalacia? | lack of vitamin D during adulthood leading to softening of bones |
| why is vitamin C important for bones? | necessary for collagen synthesis by osteoblasts |
| what is scurvy? | deficiency of vitamin C |
| what are other effects of vitamin C deficiency? | wounds won't heal, teeth will fall out |
| what hormone plays a role in bone growth? | growth hormone from anterior pituitary |
| what is the function of growth hormone in bone growth? | stimulates interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth |
| why is thyroid hormone important for growth? | required for growth of all tissues |
| how do reproductive hormones affect bone growth? | hormones like estrogen and testosterone cause growth at puberty |
| hwo do reproductive hormones influence the epiphyseal plate? | cause closure of epiphyseal plates, leading to cessatin of bone growth |
| what is gigantism? | excessive growth hormone secreation during growing years |
| what is dwarfism? | insuffiecient growth hormone during growing years |
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