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3.1.1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiac | the heart, covering its structure, function, and related medical conditions |
| Arteries | high-pressure blood vessels in the human circulatory system that transport oxygenated blood, nutrients, and hormones away from the heart to tissues and organs. |
| Arterioles | small-diameter blood vessels that branch out from arteries and lead to capillaries |
| Capillaries | the body's smallest, most numerous blood vessels |
| Venules | the body's smallest veins |
| Veins | blood vessels in the human body's circulatory system that transport low-oxygen blood (except for pulmonary veins) from tissues and organs back to the heart. |
| Valves | specialized, flap-like structures (leaflets or cusps) that function as one-way doors to ensure fluids, primarily blood, flow in only one direction and prevent backflow |
| Histology | the scientific study of the microscopic structure of cells and tissues in the human body |
| Tunica Externa | the outermost layer of a blood vessel (artery or vein), primarily composed of connective tissue, specifically collagen and elastic fibers |
| Tunica Media | the thick middle layer of blood vessel walls (arteries and veins), primarily composed of smooth muscle cells, collagen, and elastic fibers |
| Tunica Interna | the innermost layer of a blood vessel, consisting of a smooth layer of endothelial cells that directly contacts blood. |
| Lumen | the space within the tubes, tracts, cavities, and cells of the body |
| Pulmonary Circulation | a vast network of arteries, veins, and lymphatics that function to exchange blood and other tissue fluids between the heart, the lungs, and back |
| Systemic Circulation | the high-pressure, major loop of the cardiovascular system that pumps oxygenated blood from the left ventricle, through the aorta and arteries to the body's tissues, delivering nutrients and oxygen |
| Right Atrium | one of the heart’s four chambers, located in the upper right section, responsible for receiving deoxygenated blood returning from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava. |
| Tricuspid Valve | separates the top chamber (right atrium) from the bottom chamber (right ventricle). |
| Right Ventricle | one of the heart’s four chambers, located in the lower right portion below the right atrium |
| Pulmonary Semilunar/Pulmonic Valve | a one-way, three-cusp heart valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
| Pulmonary Artery | the vital blood vessel that carries oxygen-poor (deoxygenated) blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation |
| Pulmonary Veins | the essential blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood from the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart |
| Left Atrium | one of the four chambers of the heart, located in the upper left, which acts as a holding chamber for oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs via the pulmonary veins. |
| Bicuspid/Mitral Valve | a critical one-way heart valve located between the left atrium and left ventricle |
| Left Ventricle | pump oxygenated blood to the body |
| Aortic Semilunar/Aortic Valve | a critical heart structure located between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| Aorta | the largest and main artery in the human body, |
| Chordae Tendineae | tough, fibrous cords in the heart that anchor the leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves to the papillary muscles within the ventricles |
| Septum | a thin, fibrous membrane or wall that separates two chambers, cavities, or structures in the human body, acting as a partition to maintain structural integrity and, in the heart, prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. |
| Trabeculae Carneae | Irregular muscular ridges lining the inner walls of the ventricles. |
| Papillary Muscles | Ventricular muscles that anchor the heart valves via chordae tendineae to prevent valve prolapse. |
| Apex | The pointed inferior tip of the heart formed mainly by the left ventricle. |
| Base | The broad superior portion of the heart where the major vessels attach. |
| Left Coronary Artery (Left Main) | The main artery supplying oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart. |
| Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery | A branch of the left coronary artery that supplies the front of the left ventricle and septum. |
| Circumflex Artery | A branch of the left coronary artery that supplies the lateral and posterior walls of the left ventricle. |
| Right Coronary Artery | The artery that supplies blood to the right side of the heart and parts of the conduction system. |
| Carotid Artery | Arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the head and brain. |
| Descending Aorta | The portion of the aorta that carries blood downward through the chest and abdomen. |
| Subclavian Artery | An artery that supplies blood to the upper limbs and parts of the thorax. |
| Brachiocephalic Trunk | A major branch of the aortic arch that supplies the right arm and right side of the head and neck. |
| Axillary Artery | The continuation of the subclavian artery supplying the armpit and upper limb. |
| Brachial Artery | The main artery of the upper arm that continues from the axillary artery. |
| Radial Artery | A lateral forearm artery commonly used to check the pulse at the wrist. |
| Ulnar Artery | A medial forearm artery supplying blood to the forearm and hand. |
| Iliac Artery | Large arteries that supply blood to the pelvis and lower limbs. |
| Femoral Artery | The main artery supplying blood to the thigh and lower limb. |
| Popliteal Artery | The artery located behind the knee supplying the lower leg. |
| Dorsalis Pedis (DP) | An artery on the top of the foot used to assess peripheral circulation. |
| Posterior Tibial (PT) | An artery that supplies blood to the back of the lower leg and sole of the foot. |
| Jugular Vein | Veins that drain blood from the head and neck back to the heart. |
| Brachiocephalic Vein | A large vein formed by the jugular and subclavian veins that returns blood to the superior vena cava. |
| Subclavian Vein | A vein that drains blood from the upper limb into the brachiocephalic vein. |
| Axillary Vein | A vein that carries blood from the upper limb toward the subclavian vein. |
| Greater Cephalic Vein | A superficial vein of the upper limb that drains into the axillary vein. |
| Median Cubital Vein | A superficial vein in the elbow commonly used for venipuncture. |
| Basilic Vein | A superficial vein on the medial side of the upper limb that joins the axillary vein. |
| Iliac Vein | A large vein that drains blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. |
| Femoral Vein | A deep vein in the thigh that returns blood from the lower limb. |
| Popliteal Vei | A vein located behind the knee that drains the lower leg. |
| Greater Saphenous Vein | The longest superficial vein of the body running along the medial leg and thigh. |
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