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neuro prelim
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Descartes – Mind-Body Problem | Humans have a non-physical mind (res cogitans); machines are purely physical (res extensa). Humans can reason, use language creatively, and have consciousness. |
| Cartesian Dualism | Mind and body are separate substances with different properties. |
| Interaction Problem | If mind is non-physical and body is physical, how do they causally interact? |
| Problem of Mental Causation | If physical brain states already cause behavior, what causal role is left for the mind? |
| Leibniz’s Law | If two things are identical, they share all the same properties. |
| Identity Theory | Mental states are identical to specific brain states. |
| Species Chauvinism | Identity theory ties mental states to specific human brain structures, ignoring possible realization in other species or systems. |
| Functionalism | Mental states are defined by their functional role (inputs, outputs, relations), not their physical makeup. |
| Multiple Realizability | The same mental state can be realized in different physical systems (humans, animals, AI). |
| Marr – Computation Level | What problem is being solved? Input → output goal. |
| Marr – Algorithm Level | How is the input transformed into output? Step-by-step procedure. |
| Marr – Implementation Level | How is the computation physically realized in the brain? |
| Hippocampus Function | Binds sensory inputs (visual, auditory, spatial) into unified episodic memories. |
| Phineas Gage | Medial frontal cortex damage; basic functions intact but personality, planning, and decision-making changed. |
| Evidence from Brain Damage | Loss of specific brain areas leads to loss of specific mental functions. |
| Anesthesia Effect | Blocks glutamate, prevents neuronal communication, eliminates consciousness. |
| Alien Hand Syndrome | Brain damage can disrupt sense of agency; free will perception is constructed. |
| Action Potential | All-or-none electrical signal; intensity coded by firing rate. |
| Resting Membrane Potential | About −70 mV. |
| Threshold Potential | About −55 mV. |
| Glutamate | Main excitatory neurotransmitter. |
| GABA | Main inhibitory neurotransmitter. |
| Astrocytes | Maintain blood-brain barrier and support neurons. |
| Oligodendrocytes | Produce myelin in CNS. |
| Myelin | Insulates axons and speeds transmission. |
| Saltatory Conduction | Action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier. |
| Afferent Pathways | Sensory, ascending, dorsal. |
| Efferent Pathways | Motor, descending, ventral. |
| Frontal Lobe | Planning, decision making, executive function. |
| Parietal Lobe | Somatosensory processing. |
| Occipital Lobe | Vision. |
| Temporal Lobe | Memory and language. |
| Insula | Interoception (internal body awareness). |
| Hippocampus | Episodic memory formation. |
| Amygdala | Emotion processing. |
| Hypothalamus | Homeostasis and basic drives. |
| Thalamus | Sensory relay station. |
| Basal Ganglia | Motor control and action selection. |
| Gray Matter | Cell bodies; cortical layers. |
| White Matter | Myelinated axons; communication between regions. |
| Corpus Callosum | Connects left and right hemispheres. |
| Double Dissociation | Damage to area A affects function X but not Y; damage to area B affects Y but not X. |
| Broca’s Area | Left frontal; speech production. |
| Wernicke’s Area | Left temporal; language comprehension. |
| Split Brain | Corpus callosum severed; hemispheres function independently. |
| Stroop Effect | Slower reaction time for incongruent color-word trials. |
| Drift Diffusion Model | Decision-making model based on evidence accumulation to threshold. |
| Drift Rate | Speed of evidence accumulation. |
| Decision Boundary | Amount of evidence needed to respond. |
| Non-Decision Time | Perceptual and motor delays. |
| Structural MRI | Measures brain anatomy (volume, thickness). |
| DTI | Measures white matter tract integrity via water diffusion. |
| fMRI | Measures BOLD signal (oxygenated blood); good spatial, poor temporal resolution. |
| EEG | Measures electrical activity; good temporal, poor spatial resolution. |
| ERP | Time-locked EEG average; example: P300. |
| Alpha Oscillations | Relaxed state; decrease (suppression) during effortful tasks. |
| Functional Connectivity | Correlation between activity of brain regions. |
| Effective Connectivity | Causal influence between brain regions. |
| Segregation | Specialized processing in distinct regions or networks. |
| Integration | Communication across distributed brain networks. |
| Forward Inference | Task activates region → region involved in task. |
| Reverse Inference | Region active → infer mental process (weaker logic). |
| TMS | Noninvasive stimulation to test causal role of brain regions. |
| Affordances | Action possibilities provided by the environment. |
| Umwelt | Organism-specific perceptual world. |
| Extended Mind | Cognition involves brain, body, and environment. |
| Big Picture Claim | The mind is what the brain does. |
Created by:
slm382