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BIO 161 Midtern 2

QuestionAnswer
Nucleus in eukaryotes membrane bound, double membrane called nuclear envelope
ribosomes scattered through cytosol, incorporated with rough ER use RNA info to make proteins
Rough ER is the Protein manufacturing center embedded ribosomes
Smooth ER is the Lipid Processing center enzymes that synthesixe/modify lipids also a reserviour for Ca ions
Golgi Apparatus cargo is processed in stepwise manner by enzymes in each compartment and packaged for delivery trans cisternae breaks off into vesicles
Lysosomes recylcing cener specialized macromlcl hydrolyzing centers proton pumps maintain acidic pH for digestive enzymes
the endomembrane system is ER, Golgi, Lysosomes produce, process, transport
vacuoles storage center rigid structure in plants when hold water vary in size and fnctn- could hold pigments, protein, toxins
Peroxisomes detoxify reactive molecules, redox!
Mitochondria supply ATP! 2 membranes, inner one forms cristae matrix for surface area own DNA, carries RNA for mitochondrial ribosomes to proteins, but most proteins are imported
Chloroplasts sugar manufacturing centers in plants and algae double membrane plus thylakoids has own chrmsm and ribosomes
Cytoskeleton system of protein fibers for structure and movement within the cell
How does a ribosome end up in ER? AA sequence mark ribosome for transport to ER signal sequence binds to SRP(signal recognition particle) which stops protein synthesis, ribosome+signal seq+ SRP complex attaches to SRP receptor on ER outside wall, SRP and SRP receptor connect
exocytosis vesicle leaves cell, wall incorporates into PM, along with its membrane proteins
How does shit get to lysosomes receptor mediated endocytosis phagocytosis-engulf shit autophagy-encloses damaged organelle and it goes to lysosome
Actin filaments works with myosin, muscle contraction
intermediate filaments keratines, nuclear lamins, only structural
microtubles polar polymerization a and b tubulin ar emonomers stability and movement Mitosis!
Myosin hydrolyses ATP, contracts to pull itself along actin cell division(cytokinesis), cytoplasmic streaming, muscle contraction
Kinesin intercellular transport holds vesicles strut kunty kinesin
cell crawling myosin and actin filaments contracting
Photosynthesis eqn sunlight+CO2+H2O---> sugar and O2
Two parts of photosynthesis 1) uses light to produce O2 from H20 2) converts CO2 to sugars
Light capturing reactions produce NAD+ and NADPH, O2(from oxidation of water), and ATP
Calvin Cycle reduces CO2 to sugar regenerates ADP, Pi, NADP+(crucial for light capturing rxns)
How does light excite electrons absorbed photons excite electrons temporarily, when they fall, energy is released to drive PS
Pigments Molecules that absorb only certain wavelengths
Antenna complexes most pigment mlcls in photosystem are light gathering antennas that guide energy toward the rxn center- called resonance
PS II after resonance Energy is accepted , e's shuttled to thylakoid ETC where proton gradient powers ATP synthase
PS I e's at PS I are re-energized by light to facilitate the reduction of NAPDP+ to NADPH
Calvin Cycle Carbon Fixed to sugar: CO2(1 C) + RuBP(5 C) /2=PGA(3 C) Reduction of 3PGA to G3P via ATP phos, and NADPH provides e's Regeneration: Some G3P molecules regenerate RuBP, enabling the cycle to continue.
G3P sugar precursor, comes from G3P
rubisco starts calvin cycle by catalyzing the attachment of CO2 to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP),
two main products of the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis? ATP and NADPH
Signal transduction pathway Lipid insoluble signal processing binds at cell surfave, triggers an intracellular response
protein kinase proteins that activate/inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them
Created by: user-1788656
 

 



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