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World History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Common Sense | A 1776 pamphlet by Thomas Paine arguing that the American colonies should declare independence from Britain. Significance: Helped convince many colonists to support independence |
| French and Indian War | A war (1754–1763) between Britain and France in North America. Significance: Britain’s debt from the war led to taxing the colonies, which sparked colonial anger |
| Stamp Act | A 1765 British law that taxed printed materials in the American colonies. Significance: Caused widespread protest and strengthened colonial unity. |
| Boston Tea Party | A 1773 protest where colonists dumped British tea into Boston Harbor. Significance: Led Britain to punish the colonies and increased tensions before the Revolution. |
| Battle of Lexington | The first battle of the American Revolution in 1775. Significance: Marked the beginning of open warfare between Britain and the colonies. |
| George Washington | Commander of the Continental Army and later the first U.S. president. Significance: Led the colonies to victory and helped shape the new nation. |
| Battle of Saratoga | A major American victory in 1777 during the Revolution. Significance: Convinced France to support the United States. |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | The treaty that ended the American Revolution. Significance: Britain officially recognized U.S. independence. |
| Constitution and Bill of Rights | The Constitution established the U.S. government; the Bill of Rights lists the first 10 amendments protecting individual freedoms. Significance: Created the structure of the American government and guaranteed basic rights. |
| King Louis XVI | The king of France during the French Revolution. Significance: His execution symbolized the end of absolute monarchy in France. |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | A 1789 French document declaring natural rights such as liberty and equality. Significance: Influenced democratic ideas worldwide. |
| Popular Sovereignty | The idea that government power comes from the people. Significance: Became a foundation of modern democracy. |
| Camillo di Cavour | Prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia who worked to unify northern Italy. Significance: Used diplomacy and alliances to help unify Italy. |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | Italian revolutionary leader who helped unify southern Italy. Significance: His military campaigns were crucial to Italian unification. |
| Victor Emmanuel II | The first king of a unified Italy. Significance: Became the symbol of Italian unity. |
| Liberal / Conservative | Liberal: Supports political reform and individual freedoms. Conservative: Supports tradition and maintaining established institutions. Significance: Major political ideologies that shaped 19th-century Europe. |
| Otto von Bismarck | Prussian leader who unified Germany. Significance: Used war and strong leadership to create the German Empire. |
| Guerrilla Warfare | A style of fighting using small, surprise attacks by irregular forces. Significance: Used effectively in many independence movements. |
| Miguel Hidalgo | A Mexican priest who began Mexico’s independence movement in 1810. Significance: Sparked the struggle that led to Mexican independence. |
| Matthew Perry | A U.S. naval officer who pressured Japan to open trade in 1853. Significance: Ended Japan’s isolation and led to modernization. |
| Opium Wars | Conflicts between Britain and China over the opium trade in the 1800s. Significance: Forced China to open ports to foreign trade and weakened Chinese power. |
| Taiping Rebellion | A massive rebellion against the Qing dynasty in China (1850–1864). Significance: Weakened the Chinese government and caused millions of deaths. |
| Righteous Harmonious Fists | A Chinese secret society (Boxers) that opposed foreign influence. Significance: Led the Boxer Rebellion against foreigners in China. |
| What argument did Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense” make for independence? | It argued that the colonies should separate from Britain and become independent. |
| How did the French and Indian War affect the French in North America? | France lost most of its land in North America to Britain. |
| Why did the British raise taxes in the American colonies? | To pay off war debt from the French and Indian War. |
| Describe the Stamp Act. What reaction did it cause in the colonists? | It taxed printed materials; colonists protested and boycotted British goods. |
| What led to the Boston Tea Party? | Colonists were angry about the Tea Act and taxation without representation. |
| Why did the colonists find the Intolerable Acts so threatening? | They punished Massachusetts and took away colonial self-government. |
| How were most colonies governed at this time? | By royal governors appointed by the king. |
| What was the purpose of the First Continental Congress? | To decide how to respond to British policies. |
| What two groups were present in the First Continental Congress? What did each group want? | Patriots wanted resistance; moderates wanted compromise. |
| Who were the Loyalists? Patriots? | Loyalists supported Britain; Patriots wanted independence. |
| What event happened on July 4, 1776? | The Declaration of Independence was adopted. |
| How did the first few battles after the declaration of independence go? | The Americans lost several early battles. |
| Explain Thomas Paine’s quote. Who are the summer soldiers and sunshine patriots? | They were people who only supported the war when it was easy. |
| Which battle proved to the French that the Americans could win the war? | The Battle of Saratoga. |
| How did the Americans finally defeat Britain? | With French support and victory at Yorktown. |
| What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1783)? | Britain recognized U.S. independence and gave land to the Mississippi River |
| Why was the Articles of Confederation a failure? | The national government was too weak to tax or enforce laws. |
| What were the major privileges of the noble landlords in France? | They paid few taxes and had special legal rights. |
| How did France pay for wars in the 1700s? | By taxing common people and borrowing money. |
| Why was summoning the Estate-General disastrous for Louis XVI? | It allowed the Third Estate to demand political change. |
| What did the Third Estate do when the Estate-General met? | They declared themselves the National Assembly. |
| What happened on July 14, 1789? | The Bastille prison was stormed. |
| Why was the French Revolution different from the American Revolution? | It became more violent and radical. |
| What four things did the National Assembly do? | Ended feudalism, limited the monarchy, declared rights, and reformed government. |
| What role did most women take in the French Revolution? | They protested food shortages and marched for change. |
| What happened during the Reign of Terror in 1793? | Thousands were executed as enemies of the revolution. |
| What ideals did the Napoleonic Code safeguard? | Equality before the law and protection of property. |
| As emperor, how did Napoleon expand France? | Through military conquest. |
| In Italy, what did Giuseppe Garibaldi do with his “red-shirts”? | He led them to unite southern Italy. |
| How did Otto von Bismarck unify Germany? | Through wars and strong leadership (“blood and iron”). |
| What did Jose de San Martin do? | He led armies across the Andes to free southern colonies. |
| What strategy did Simon Bolivar use? | He led military campaigns to defeat Spanish forces in the north. |
| Which groups did Miguel Hidalgo inspire? | Peasants and indigenous people. |
| How did Brazil gain independence? | Its prince declared independence peacefully. |
| What “wake-up call” did Japan receive? | U.S. warships forced Japan to open trade. |
| How did Britain gain an economic advantage over China? | By selling opium and winning the Opium Wars. |
| What were the goals of the Taiping Rebellion? How were they put down? | To create a new Christian-based society; crushed by the Qing army. |
| What were the goals of the Boxer Rebellion? How were they put down? | To remove foreign influence; defeated by foreign troops. |
| How did the Qing dynasty end? | It fell after the 1911 revolution, ending imperial rule in China. |
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