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Facial
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Number of facial bones | 14 - R/L nasal, R/L lacrimal, R/L maxillary, R/L zygomatic, R/L palantine, R/L inferior nasal conchae, vomer, mandible |
| nasion | junction of two nasal bones |
| nasal bones articulate with each other at | the MSP |
| nasal bones articulate on the superior side with the | frontal bone |
| nasal bones articulate posterosuperiorally with | perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone |
| nasal bones articulate on each lateral side with | maxillae |
| lacrimal bones are the smallest and the skull and located | in the anterior part of medial wall of orbits between labryinth of ethmoid and maxilla |
| the lacrimal bones articulate with what bones? | frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, inferior nasal concha |
| the largest immovable bone of the face is the | maxilla |
| the alveolar process of the maxilla is | the inferior borders of spongy bone that supports the roots of teeth |
| the anterior nasal spine of the maxilla is | forward, pointed process at the midline junction of maxillary bones |
| acanthion | the midpoint of the junction of maxillary bones |
| maxilla | each one (L/R) articulates with all other facial bones, except for the mandible, plus frontal and ethmoid cranial bones |
| maxilla forms... | - parts of lateral walls and most of floor of nasal cavity, - part of floor of orbit - three fourths of roof of mouth - also has zygomatic process that articulates with zygoma to form part of cheek |
| bones that form the prominence of the cheeks | zygomatic |
| the temporal process of the zygomatic bones extends... | posteriorly to join zygomatic process of temporal bone |
| the zygomatic arch is formed by... | union of temporal process of zygoma and zygomatic process of temporal bone |
| the zygomatic bone articulates superiorly with | the frontal bone |
| the zygomatic bone articulates laterally with | the zygomatic process of temporal bone |
| the zygomatic bone articulates anteriorly with | the maxilla |
| the zygomatic bone articulates posterioly with | sphenoid |
| palantine bones | two L shaped bones composed of vertical and horizontal plates |
| horizontal plates of palantine bones articulate with | maxillae to complete the posterior fourth of bony palate (roof of mouth) |
| vertical portions of palantine bones extend | upward between maxillae and pterygoid processes of sphenoid in posterior nasal cavit |
| inferior nasal conchae | long, narrow, very thin bones with a lateral curl, scroll-like appearance |
| vomer | thin plate of bone siutated in MSP of floor of nasal cavity |
| vomer forms | inferior nasal septum along with ethmoid |
| the superior border of the volmer articulates with | body of sphenoid bone |
| Superior part of anterior border of vomer articulates with | perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone |
| the largest and densest bone of the face is the | mandible |
| rami | two vertical portions on each side of body of mandibles |
| angle of mandible | junction of mandibular body and ramus, also called gonion |
| mental protuberance of mandible | anterior, triangular prominence (chin) |
| hyoid bone | small u-shaped bone at base of tongue not facial or cranial only bone in body that doesn't articulate with another bone |
| each orbit is composed of what seven bones? | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxilla, zygoma, lacrimal, palatine |
| CR centering for lateral facial bone shot | Enter at zygoma, midway between outer canthus and EAM |
| what line is parallel to IR for lateral facial bone shot? | IOML |
| CR centering for Waters (parietocanthial) | exit at acanthion |
| Part positioning for Waters shot | OML 37 degrees angle with IR |
| OML angles for Waters and Modified Waters | 37, 55 |
| the modified waters method features what modificaon? | slghtly less chin extension |
| where are the petrous ridges in both Waters shots? | Waters - below maxillary sinuses Modified Waters - in lower third of maxillary sinuses |
| Each waters shot is best for | waters - maxillary sinuses modified waters - orbital floor fractures |
| part positioning for reverse waters | OML forms 37 degree angle with IR, neck extended as tolerated |
| CR placement for reverse waters | 30 cephalad toward acanthion, enter at midline of acanthion |
| PA Axial (Caldwell) facial bones part positioning | OML perpendicular to IR |
| PA Axial (Caldwell) facial bones CR exit | nasion |
| lateral nasal bones part positioning | IOML parallel to floor |
| lateral nasal bones CR | Perpendicular to IR enter at right angle to nasal bones (approximately ½ inch inferior to nasion) |
| Submentovertical (SMV) - zygomatic arches part positioning | IOML parallel to to IR, ensure mandibular condyles are equidistant from IR |
| Submentovertical (SMV) - zygomatic arches CR | perpendicular to IOML, directed from below mandible |
| Tangential - zygomatic arches part positioning | IOML parallel to IR Rotate head 15° toward affected side Tilt head 15° toward opposite shoulder |
| Tangential - zygomatic arches - CR | Directed tangentially to zygomatic arch Centered to arch of interest |
| PA axial mandibular rami - part positioning | OML perpendicular to IR |
| PA axial mandibular rami - CR | 20-25 degrees cephalad exit at level of mandibular rami |
| Axiolateral – Mandible (Rami) part positioning | IPL perpendicular to IR |
| Axiolateral – Mandible (Rami) - CR | 25 degrees cephalad, enter inferior to mandibular angle on side opposite IR, exit at ramus of interest |
| axiolateral obliques (mandible?) | Head rotated varying degrees toward IR. 25° cephalad Enter inferior to mandibular angle of opposite side. Exit at body of mandible of interest |
| AP axial - TMJs - part positioning | OML perpendicular to IR |
| AP axial - TMJs - CR centering | 35 degrees caudad to OML, Enter approximately 2½–3 inches above glabella Pass through TMJ region |
| Axiolateral Oblique – TMJs - part positioning | MSP parallel to IR, IPL perpendicular to IR, IOML parallel to transverse axis of IR |
| Axiolateral Oblique – TMJs - CR | 15° caudad Enter approximately 1½ inches superior to EAM on opposite side Exit at TMJ of interest |
| kVp for Water's facial view | 75 kVp |
| when x raying facial bones, reduce repeats to protect | eyes and thyroid |
| perform facial bones erect for what reason? | air fluid levels |
| if patient can't stand, use | horizontal beam |
| 7 bones that make up orbits | frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla, palantine |
| what bones form the roof of the mouth? | maxilla, palantine bones |
| degrees of angulation for Law method | 15 degrees |
| degrees of angulation for Schuller method | 25 degrees |
| What is the best projection for a bony nasal septum? | Waters |
| angle of symphysis of mandible | 45 degrees |
| Difference in angulation between Waters and Modifed Waters method? | Waters - neck is extended so that OML is at 37 degrees - clears petrous ridges below maxillary sinuses Modified - uses less extension and 55 degrees - petrous ridges projected through lower half of maxillary sinuses to better visualize orbital rims |
| What does the Waters method show? | maxillary sinuses (free of petrous ridges) |
| What does the modified Waters method show? | petrous ridges in lower maxillary sinuses |
| The chin and petrous ridges move in what direction from each other? | opposite |
| If petrous ridges are too high, do what? If petrous ridges are too low, do what? | raise chin, lower chin |
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