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learning and memory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychophysiology | the scientific study of the interaction between mental processes and bodily responses |
| Encoding | The perception of a stimulus results in the formation of a new memory trace, which is initially highly susceptible to disturbing influences and decay, i.e., forgetting |
| Consolidation | The labile memory trace is gradually stabilized possibly involving multiple waves of short and long-term consolidation processes, which serve to strengthen and integrate the memory into preexisting knowledge networks |
| Retrieval | The stored memory is accessed and recalled |
| three major subprocesses of memory functions | encoding, consolidation, and retrieval |
| HM prior to surgery | Suffered from severe, intractable epilepsy;Seemed to have epileptic foci in both medial temporal lobes; Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy prescribed for HM; Included removal of hippocampus and amygdala |
| HM after surgery | Convulsions reduced in severity and frequency; IQ increased from 104 to 118; Remained emotionally stable with generally superior psychological abilities; Surgery also produced devastating amnesia |
| HM’s Memory Deficits | Minor retrograde amnesia for events of 2 years preceding surgery; Normal memory for remote event/short term memory; Severe anterograde amnesia;implicit m/Procedural learning abilities intact, but no conscious recollection of learning;Poor explicit memory |
| Korsakoff’s syndrome | a chronic, often irreversible neurological disorder caused by severe thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, typically stemming from chronic alcohol misuse, malnutrition, or eating disorders |
| hippocampal volume loss | over time; depression, childhood stress, ETOH, PTSD, BPD, gender |
| Stimulus-Response Learning | Perform behavior when stimulus is present |
| Classical conditioning | Lashley and the engram (1950)= a landmark 30-year study attempting to locate the physical trace of memory in the brain – Hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala – CHEMISTRY OF LEARNING Hebb rule explains this at a neural level |
| Hebb rule | Consolidation or reverberating circuit; If a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time that a postsynaptic neuron fires, changes will take place in the structure/chemistry of synapse = strengthen; neurons that fire together, wire together |
| Reconsolidation | every time we access memory it changes |
| Sensory Memory | ultra-short-term, high-capacity, and automatic retention of raw, unfiltered environmental data from the five senses |
| Short-term memory | working memory; the brain's temporary storage system, holding a limited amount of information (roughly 5-7 items) for about 15–30 seconds before it is either forgotten or transferred to long-term memory |
| Long term memory | the nearly permanent, high-capacity storage system in the brain, retaining information for days, years, or a lifetime; 5 to 6 hours from STM to LTM; Facilitated by Norepinephrine & epinephrine; overnight mostly |
| Explicit memory | the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts |
| Implicit memory | unconscious memory that allows individuals to perform tasks, habits, and skills—such as riding a bike or driving—without conscious thought |
| Declarative Memory | the conscious, intentional recollection of facts, data, and life events, primarily processed by the hippocampus and stored in the cortex |
| Procedural memory | implicit memory responsible for performing automatic, learned actions and skills without conscious thought, |
| Episodic Memory | storing and retrieving specific personal experiences, including the "what, where, and when" of events. |
| Semantic Memory | responsible for storing general knowledge, concepts, ideas, and facts about the world, independent of personal experience or context |
| Long-Term Potentiation | structural changes on the demand of the circuit firing; Long term increase in firing results in an increase in EPSP in the postsynaptic neurons; Involved in learning at the hippocampal level; Long term depression = Hebb rule in reverse |
| Dendritic branching | neurons grow tree-like extensions to receive signals, creating unique, cell-type-specific patterns that determine neural connectivity |
| Memory Storage | Memory peaks at age 8; 1 of 100 bits of info retained after that;1 or 2 bits/second retained during concentration; Reviewing/rehearsing materials, Storage is not permanent for a few hours to days |
| VTA | a midbrain hub containing dopamine neurons essential for reward, motivation, cognition, and aversion |
| Dopamine Pathways | Functions: reward motivation, motor function, compulsion, perseveration, Structures: Frontal Cortex, Nucleus Accumbens, Striatum, Hippocampus |
| Aversive Learning | Punishment circuits; Periventricular system, or PVS; Hypothalamus, the thalamus and periaqueductal grey matter; Stimulation of the punishment circuit can inhibit the reward circuit |
| Periventricular system | deliver signaling molecules, and act as an immunological pathway, facilitating the removal of waste from brain tissues. |
| Acetylcholine | Stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenalin |
| Motor Learning | Changes in motor systems; Behaviors get transferred to basal ganglia; Basal ganglia observe at first; Connections to all areas of cerebral cortex; Then take over and leave subcortical circuit to do other things |
| Parkinson’s Disease | Destruction of basal ganglia secondary to too little DA; Motor deficits=failure of learned behavior |
| Amnesia | significant memory loss caused by brain injury, disease, or psychological trauma, characterized by an inability to form new memories (anterograde) or recall past ones (retrograde) |
| Anterograde Amnesia | Failure in explicit memory; Declarative; Information available to consciousness; Capable of perceptual, motor, and SR learning; Failure of relational learning; can not later remember events tat occur after brain damage |
| Retrograde Amnesia | Failure in implicit memory; Non-declarative cannot remember events prior to brain damage |
| Instrumental/Operant Conditioning | Reinforcement (Olds & Milner (1954) mice); Medial forebrain bundle (MFB) (From midbrain to basal forebrain); Nucleus accumbens (NAC); Release of Dopamine (DA); Prefrontal cortex (PFC); Turns on release of DA at the NAC |
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