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hormones/sexual dev
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gametes | One of each pair of 23 chromosomes; eggs and sperm |
| Gonads | Same through 3rd month of development; organ that produces gametes; a testis or ovary; secrete their hormone |
| zygotes | diploid cell formed when two gametes fuse during fertilization, combining their chromosomes to create the first cell of a new, genetically unique organism |
| Müllerian system | consists of embryonic ducts that develop into the female internal reproductive tract—fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper vagina |
| Wolffian system | consists of paired embryonic structures that serve as the precursor to the male internal reproductive tract, developing into the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles |
| External sex organs | Though 6th week, embryos are identical |
| Organizational effects | permanent, long-lasting structural changes to the brain and body that occur during critical early development periods, such as prenatal development or puberty |
| Activational effects | "turn on" temporary, reversible changes in behavior or physiology that occur during adulthood in response to fluctuating hormone levels |
| Differentiation | Defeminization- turn off Mullerian system and masculinization - turn on Wolffian system; based on sperm (androgens) |
| Androgens | a group of sex steroid hormones, including testosterone and DHEA, primarily responsible for developing male characteristics, |
| Androgen insensitivity syndrome | cannot develop internal sex organs |
| Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome | Fail to produce anti-Müllerian hormone or absence of receptors for hormone = Both sets of sex organs (often not functional) |
| Anti-mullerian hormone | regression of Müllerian ducts to prevent uterus development (Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) |
| Insulin-like peptide 3 | (INSL3) is a crucial peptide hormone produced constitutively by mature, differentiated Leydig cells in the testes |
| Primary characteristics | the essential, distinguishing, and fundamental traits that define an object, organism, or concept, separating it from others |
| Secondary characteristics | physical, non-reproductive traits that emerge during puberty due to hormonal changes, distinguishing males from females |
| GnRH | Hypothalamus - triggers the pituitary gland to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), essential for reproductive function (puberty) |
| Anterior pituitary | secretes gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone | (FSH) crucial hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproduction (sperm and egg production) |
| Luteinizing hormone | (LH) regulates reproductive functions in both men and women. Stimulated by GnRH = triggers ovulation in women (pops out egg) and testosterone production in men |
| Puberty | first time girls experience hormones; started by hypothalamus but then runs independently |
| age of menarche | first menstrual period, typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 15; |
| Female Reproductive Cycles | all future eggs there, passed on from mom, body response to change in hormones, FSH stimulates ovaries |
| estradiol | the primary and most potent form of estrogen in the human body, follicle matures it secretes this, prepares the uterine lining, increase triggers release of LH surge (ovulation) |
| Corpus luteum | temporary, hormone-secreting endocrine gland that develops in the ovary from a ruptured follicle after ovulation; produces estradiol and progesterone, shell that helps protect egg; Promotes gestation: lining of uterus, no more eggs |
| progesterone | regulates the menstrual cycle, supports pregnancy, and acts as a neurosteroid; suppresses ovulation for other eggs |
| Menstruation | stops producing estradiol and progesterone and uterine lining sloughs; Estrogen and progesterone levels are low. |
| follicular phase | (days 6-14), where hormones stimulate egg maturation; estrogen rises to prepare the egg for release; increase in thickness of utine lining |
| Ovulation | around day 14, releasing an egg; Estrogen peaks, and LH surges |
| luteal phase | (days 15-28) prepares the uterus for implantation, or leads to a new cycle if no pregnancy occurs; Progesterone peaks, then drops. |
| mid-luteal phase | peak progesterone, which prepares the uterus for implantation |
| Testosterone | increases in sexual anticipation in males and females; Increase in T is correlated with 1st intercourse within 6 months among teen girls; Erotic films result in increased levels of T; Higher T = anxiety disorders; adolescent limited time span |
| DHT | Hair loss; Male external genitalia; Binds to androgen receptors; 2-3 times more potent than testosterone |
| Oxytocin | Posterior pituitary gland; Milk ejection; Released at orgasm in males and females; Smooth muscle contraction; "bonding hormone" |
| Prolactin | Anterior pituitary gland; Milk production in females; Males after ejaculation; Inhibit sexual desire |
| Hyperprolactinemia | no sexual desire |
| Estrogen | Increased vulnerability for depression in women; has positive effects on both cognitive/emotional processes; receptors is shown to protect neurons and glial cells against toxic insults; supports hippocampal functioning/ neuronal plasticity; bad aging men |
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