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Test 2 MODAMR
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Progressive Era | Period from the 1890s–1920s focused on reforming inequality corruption unsafe labor and environmental destruction. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire 1911 | Factory fire that killed 146 workers exposing unsafe conditions and sparking labor reform. |
| Muckrakers | Journalists who exposed corruption and poverty such as Riis Sinclair and Wells. |
| Jacob Riis | Author of How the Other Half Lives exposing urban poverty through photography. |
| Upton Sinclair | Author of The Jungle leading to the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. |
| Ida B. Wells | Anti-lynching journalist who exposed racial violence. |
| Social Gospel Movement | Christian reform movement arguing religion must address social problems and create a just society. |
| Jane Addams | Hull House founder providing social services and advocating labor reform. |
| Hull House | Settlement house in Chicago offering childcare classes and social support. |
| WCTU | Woman’s Christian Temperance Union promoting temperance and broad social reform. |
| Frances Willard | WCTU leader known for the “do everything” reform strategy. |
| 19th Amendment 1920 | Granted women the right to vote nationwide. |
| Alice Paul | Leader of the National Woman’s Party who organized White House pickets for suffrage. |
| Rose Schneiderman | Labor activist who highlighted unsafe working conditions after the Triangle Fire. |
| Trusts | Large monopolies controlling industries through vertical or horizontal integration. |
| Vertical Integration | Controlling all stages of production from raw materials to distribution. |
| Horizontal Integration | Buying out competitors to dominate an industry. |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890 | First federal law attempting to break up monopolies. |
| Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 | Strengthened antitrust laws and created the FTC. |
| Theodore Roosevelt Trustbuster | President who targeted “bad trusts” and sued Northern Securities. |
| Gifford Pinchot | Leader of conservation promoting efficient resource use for the greatest good. |
| John Muir | Preservationist who wanted nature protected in pristine condition. |
| Hetch Hetchy Debate | Conflict over damming Yosemite valley where conservationists won. |
| Jim Crow Laws | System of segregation and disenfranchisement in the South. |
| Poll Taxes | Fees required to vote used to disenfranchise Black voters. |
| Literacy Tests | Reading tests judged by white officials to block Black voting. |
| Grandfather Clauses | Allowed whites to vote if their grandfathers could vote in 1867. |
| Plessy v Ferguson 1896 | Supreme Court case establishing “separate but equal.” |
| Booker T Washington | Advocated vocational education and economic self-help within segregation. |
| Atlanta Compromise | Washington’s 1895 speech accepting social separation in exchange for economic opportunity. |
| WEB Du Bois | Advocated higher education for the Talented Tenth and immediate civil rights. |
| NAACP | Organization founded in 1909 to fight racial injustice. |
| Empire | System of power involving military economic political or cultural control over others. |
| Open Door Policy 1899 | U.S. policy demanding equal access to Chinese markets. |
| Boxer Rebellion 1900 | U.S. sent troops to China to protect trade interests. |
| Spanish-American War 1898 | War with Spain resulting in U.S. acquisition of Guam Puerto Rico Philippines and Cuba. |
| Treaty of Paris 1898 | Ended the Spanish-American War transferring Spanish colonies to the U.S. |
| Philippine-American War 1899-1902 | Filipino resistance to U.S. occupation leading to a brutal conflict. |
| Anti-Imperialist League 1899 | Group opposing U.S. empire including Twain Carnegie and Addams. |
| Pro-Imperialist Arguments | Claims of civilizing mission spreading democracy and gaining access to Asian markets. |
| Theodore Roosevelt Imperialism | Promoted naval power big stick diplomacy and the Panama Canal. |
| Roosevelt Corollary 1904 | Claim that the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain order. |
| Great White Fleet 1907-09 | World tour of U.S. battleships to display naval strength. |
| Dollar Diplomacy | Using loans and economic influence to control Latin American nations. |
| Gunboat Diplomacy | Using naval force to pressure or control foreign governments. |
| Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 | First U.S. immigration law based explicitly on race barring Chinese laborers. |
| Page Act 1875 | Early exclusion law targeting Chinese women. |
| Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907 | U.S.-Japan deal restricting Japanese labor immigration. |
| Nativism | Anti-immigrant sentiment based on fears of cultural difference and radicalism. |
| Anti-Catholicism | Belief that Catholics were disloyal or outsiders due to allegiance to the Pope. |
| Gilded Age Problems | Unprecedented inequality urban poverty labor conflict political corruption and environmental destruction that Progressives sought to fix. |
| Walter Rauschenbusch | Leader of the Social Gospel Movement who argued Christianity must address social problems. |
| Women’s Clubs | Organizations like the General Federation of Women’s Clubs that pushed for reform and community improvement. |
| National Association of Colored Women | Black women’s organization founded in 1896 focused on racial uplift and community reform. |
| National Woman’s Party | Militant suffrage organization led by Alice Paul that picketed the White House. |
| Interstate Commerce Act 1887 | First federal attempt to regulate railroads and curb corporate power. |
| Hepburn Act 1906 | Strengthened federal regulation of railroads by expanding ICC power. |
| Federal Trade Commission FTC | Agency created in 1914 to regulate unfair business practices. |
| Preservation | Environmental philosophy led by John Muir focused on protecting nature in its untouched state. |
| Conservation | Environmental philosophy led by Gifford Pinchot focused on efficient resource use for public benefit. |
| Disenfranchisement | Systematic removal of Black voting rights through poll taxes literacy tests and grandfather clauses. |
| Civil Rights Cases 1883 | Supreme Court ruling that the 14th Amendment applied only to state discrimination not private businesses. |
| Segregation | System of enforced racial separation in public spaces justified as “separate but equal.” |
| Talented Tenth | Du Bois’s idea that the top ten percent of educated Black leaders should guide racial progress. |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | Leader of Filipino resistance against U.S. occupation during the Philippine-American War. |
| USS Maine Explosion | Event in 1898 that triggered U.S. entry into the Spanish-American War after newspapers blamed Spain. |
| Battle of Manila Bay | Decisive 1898 naval victory where the U.S. destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. |
| Rough Riders | Volunteer cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish-American War. |
| Cuba Protectorate | Status given to Cuba after the Spanish-American War allowing U.S. control over its affairs. |
| Missionary Influence in Middle East | American cultural expansion through schools and religious institutions beginning in the 1800s. |
| Mexican Revolution Intervention | U.S. involvement in Mexico including the Veracruz occupation and pursuit of Pancho Villa. |
| Panama Canal | Major engineering project enabling faster global trade secured after U.S. supported Panama’s independence. |
| New Immigrants | Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe arriving between 1870–1920 often Catholic or Jewish. |
| Anti-Chinese Sentiment | Widespread hostility toward Chinese immigrants based on racism and economic fears. |
| Immigration Act 1882 | Law restricting entry of paupers criminals and the mentally ill alongside Chinese exclusion policies. |
| Haymarket Affair 1886 | Bombing blamed on immigrant radicals that intensified nativist fears. |
| Alliance System | Web of alliances that pulled multiple nations into WWI once conflict began |
| Triple Entente | Alliance of Britain France and Russia |
| Triple Alliance | Alliance of Germany Austria-Hungary and Italy |
| Assassination of Franz Ferdinand | Spark that triggered WWI when a Serbian nationalist killed the Austro-Hungarian heir |
| Domino Effect (1914) | Chain of war declarations that brought all major powers into WWI |
| U.S. Neutrality (1914-1917) | Wilson’s policy to stay neutral despite economic ties to Allies |
| Lusitania | British ship sunk in 1915 killing 100+ Americans |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | German policy of sinking ships without warning |
| Zimmermann Telegram | German proposal urging Mexico to attack the U.S. |
| U.S. Declaration of War (1917) | Congress declared war on Germany on April 4 1917 |
| Selective Service Act | Draft requiring men ages 21-30 to register |
| Segregated Military | Black soldiers placed in segregated units and often barred from combat |
| Harlem Hellfighters | 369th Infantry; Black regiment that fought with French forces |
| Women in WWI | Served as nurses operators clerical workers and volunteers |
| Creel Committee | Government propaganda agency shaping public opinion |
| Espionage & Sedition Acts | Laws that criminalized dissent and criticism of the government |
| American Protective League | Volunteer group that spied on citizens |
| German Spring Offensive | Germany’s failed final push after Russia left the war |
| Allied Counteroffensive | Allied push that broke German lines in 1918 |
| Armistice (Nov 11 1918) | Cease-fire ending fighting in WWI |
| Human Cost of WWI | About 40 million casualties worldwide |
| 1918 Influenza Pandemic | Global flu outbreak killing 50 million including many soldiers |
| Fourteen Points | Wilson’s plan for peace including self-determination and League of Nations |
| League of Nations | International peace organization proposed by Wilson but rejected by U.S. |
| Treaty of Versailles | Treaty blaming Germany and imposing harsh reparations and limits |
| Empires Dissolved | Collapse of German Russian Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires |
| Middle East Mandates | Britain and France took control of Middle Eastern territories creating long-term conflict |
| Red Summer of 1919 | Widespread white mob violence against Black communities after WWI |
| Great Migration Impact | Black southerners moved north causing racial tensions and job competition |
| Red Scare | Fear of communism leading to raids arrests and anti-immigrant sentiment |
| Legacy of WWI | Set stage for Great Depression totalitarianism and WWII |
| 19th Amendment | Constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote in 1920 |
| Women’s Suffrage Movement | Decades-long fight for voting rights led by activists like Susan B. Anthony and Alice Paul |
| Seneca Falls Convention | 1848 meeting launching the organized women’s rights movement |
| Suffragist Strategies | Marches protests lobbying and civil disobedience to win voting rights |
| Alice Paul | Leader of the National Woman’s Party who pushed for a federal amendment |
| Silent Sentinels | Women who picketed the White House for suffrage |
| Hunger Strikes | Suffragists used hunger strikes in prison to protest mistreatment |
| Wilson and Suffrage | Wilson eventually supported the 19th Amendment under pressure |
| Ratification of 19th Amendment | Passed in 1920 after Tennessee became final state to approve it |
| Impact of 19th Amendment | Expanded democracy but did not guarantee voting rights for all women |
| Limits of the 19th Amendment | Many women of color still could not vote after 1920 |
| Black Women and Voting | Faced poll taxes literacy tests intimidation and violence |
| Jim Crow Laws | State laws designed to suppress Black voting |
| Native American Voting Rights | Many Indigenous people denied citizenship until 1924 |
| Asian American Voting Barriers | Asian immigrants barred from citizenship until mid-20th century |
| Latina Voting Barriers | Language tests and discrimination blocked many Latinas from voting |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | Law that outlawed racial discrimination in voting |
| Fannie Lou Hamer | Civil rights activist who fought for Black voting rights in Mississippi |
| Intersection of Race and Gender | Women of color faced both sexism and racism in voting struggles |
| Long Fight for Voting Equality | True universal voting rights not secured until the 1960s |
| WWI and Civil Rights | Black veterans returned demanding equality fueling racial tensions |
| Women’s War Work | Strengthened arguments for women’s suffrage |
| Post-WWI Racial Violence | Black soldiers’ assertiveness contributed to Red Summer conflicts |
| Democracy and Exclusion | U.S. promoted democracy abroad while restricting rights at home |
| Long-Term Voting Struggle | 19th Amendment was a milestone but not the end of the fight |
Created by:
Landon02Ham