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Endocrine
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pineal Gland | A small endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin, which regulates sleep–wake cycles (circadian rhythms). |
| Hypothalamus | A region of the brain that links the nervous system to the endocrine system. It controls the pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis (temperature, hunger, thirst, hormones). |
| Pituitary Gland | Known as the “master gland,” it releases hormones that control other endocrine glands (growth, reproduction, water balance, etc.). |
| Thyroid Gland | A butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that produces hormones (T3 and T4) regulating metabolism, energy, and growth. |
| Thymus | A gland located behind the sternum that helps develop T-cells for the immune system, especially active in childhood. |
| Adrenal Gland | Glands located on top of each kidney that produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone to manage stress and metabolism. |
| Pancreas | An organ that functions as both an endocrine and digestive gland. It produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar. |
| Ovary | Female reproductive glands that produce eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. |
| Testis | Male reproductive glands that produce sperm and testosterone. |
| Hormone | A chemical messenger released by glands into the bloodstream that affects specific target cells. |
| Endocrine System | A body system made of glands that produce and release hormones to regulate growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis. |
| Gland | An organ that produces and releases substances (such as hormones or enzymes). |
| Receptor Cell | A cell that has specific protein receptors that bind to a particular hormone. |
| Target Cell | A cell that responds to a hormone because it has the correct receptor. |
| Estrogen | A group of female sex hormones responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle. |
| Progesterone | A female hormone that regulates the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy. |
| Testosterone | The main male sex hormone responsible for male secondary sex characteristics and sperm production. |
| Insulin | A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood sugar by helping cells absorb glucose. |
| Cortisol | A stress hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate metabolism, blood sugar, and immune responses. |
| Adrenaline | Also called epinephrine; a hormone that triggers the “fight-or-flight” response. |
| Vasopressin | Also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH); regulates water balance by controlling how much water the kidneys reabsorb. |
| Growth Hormone | A hormone from the pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell repair. |
| Positive Feedback Loop | A control mechanism in which the response increases or amplifies the original stimulus (e.g., childbirth contractions). |
| Negative Feedback Loop | A control mechanism in which the response reduces or counteracts the original stimulus to maintain balance (homeostasis). |
| Type 1 Diabetes | An autoimmune disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin due to destruction of insulin-producing cells. |
| Type 2 Diabetes | A condition in which the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin, often associated with lifestyle and genetics. |
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