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Mod 4
Social Situations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Person perception | how we form impressions of ourselves and others, including attributions of behavior |
| Attribution Theory | the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation (a situational attribution) or the person's stable enduring traits (a dispositional attribution) |
| Fundamental attribution error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing other's behaviors to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition |
| Actor- observer bias | the tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, but for observers to attribute others behavior to internal causes. |
| Prejudice | an unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves negative emotions, stereotypes beliefs and a predisposition to discriminatory action. |
| Sterotype | a generalized sometimes (accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people |
| Discrimination | unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members |
| Just-world phenomenon | the tendency to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get |
| Social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships |
| In-group | "us"-- people with whom we share a common identity |
| Out-group | "them"-- those perceived as different or apart from our in-group |
| In-group bias | the tendency to favor our own group |
| Scapegoat theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame |
| Other- race effect | the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect |
| Attributes | feelings often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events |
| Foot-in-the-door phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request |
| Role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent |
| Persuasion | changing peoples attitudes, potentially influencing their actions |
| Peripheral route persuasion | occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speakers attractiveness |
| Central route persuasion | occurs when interested people's thinking is influences by considering evidence and arguments |
| Norms | a society's understood rules for accepted and expected behaviors. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior in a individual and social behaviors |
| Conformity | adjusting our behavior or thinking to confide with a group |
| Normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval |
| Informational social influence | influence resulting from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality |
| Obedience | complying with an older or command |
| Social facilitation | in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or well learned tasks and worsened performance on difficult tasks |
| Social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable |
| Deindividuation | the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity |
| Group polarization | the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within their group |
| Group-think | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group over rides a realistic appraisal of alternatives |
| Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shard y a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Tight culture | a place with clearly defined and reliability imposted norms |
| Loose culture | a place with flexible and informal norms |
| Agression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone |
| Frustration-agression principle | the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger |
| Social script | a culturally modeled guide on ow to act in various situations |
| Mere exposure effect | the tendency for repeated exposure to novel stimuli to increase our like of them |
| Passionate love | an aroused states of intense absorption in another, usually presented at the beginning of a romantic relationship |
| Companionate love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom are lives are intertwined |
| Equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it |
| Self-disclosure | the act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others |
| Altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others |
| Bystander effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present |
| Social exchange tendency | the tendency that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs |
| Reciprocity norm | an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them |
| Social responsibility norm | an expectation that people will help those needing their help |
| Conflict | a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas |
| Social trap | a situation in which two parties, by each pursuing their self- interests rather than the good of the group, become caught in the behavior |
| Mirror image perceptions | mutual views often help by conflicting parties, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive |
| self fulfilling | a belief that leads to its own fulfillment |
| GRIT | the passionate perseverance and resilience needed to achieve long-term, challenging goals |
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