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late middle ages
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| steppe | sparse, dry, treeless grassland |
| kiev | capital of medieval Russia and of present-day Ukraine |
| cyrillic | relating to the Slavic alphabet derived from the Greek and traditionally attributed to St. Cyril; in modified form still used in modern Slavic languages |
| Balkan peninsula | Triangular arm of land that just from southeastern Europe into the Mediterranean |
| ethnic group | large group of people who share the same language and cultural heritage. |
| Ivan the Great | (1462-1505) was one of the most powerful Russian rulers. He consolidated his power by winning the voluntary allegiance of Russian princes and preventing further Mongol invasions |
| Ivan the Terrible | (1530-1584) was the grandson of Ivan the Great. He continued to centralize power in his own hands, developing a brutal secret group of hereditary nobility, or boyars. His eventual insanity contributed to his name "the Terrible." |
| common law | a legal system based on custom and court rulings |
| magna carta | The Great Charter approved by King John of England in 1214; it limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen |
| due process of law | the requirement that the government act fairly and in accordance with established rules in all that it does |
| habeas corpus | principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime |
| parliament | the legislature of England, and later of Great Britain |
| holy Roman empire | empire of West Central Europe from 962 to 1806, comprising present-day Germany and neighboring labds |
| lay investiture | appointment of bishops by anyone who is not a member of the clergy |
| William the Conqueror | (1028-1087) became the Duke of Normandy at age 7 and was knighted at age 15. He pressured king Edward of England to name him heir to the throne. Upon Edward's death, William invaded England and won the throne after the Battle of Hastings in 1066 |
| King John | (1166-1216), Son of KIng Henry II. He seized control of the English throne when his brother, King Richard the Lionheart, was captured while on crusade. John's forced signature to Magna Carta in 1215, which limited the power of the English kings. |
| Louis IX | (1214-1270), King of France from 1226 to 1270. He was one of the most popular kings of France. He led the Seventh Crusade to the holy land and was canonized as a saint in recognition of his faith and services to the church. |
| Henry IV | (1050-1106), German king who became Holy Roman Emperer in 1084. His efforts to increase the power of the monarchy led him into conflict with Pop Gregory VIII over lay investiture. |
| Gregory VII | (1025-1085) achieved success in his battle with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV on the matter of lay investiture. HE greatly expanded papal power by claiming his supremacy over secular rulers. |
| Frederick Barbarossa | (1123-1190) was a German king who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1152. He fought hard against growing papal authority and led six expeditions into Italy in an attempt to increase his royal holdings. He died while on the third crusade. |
| Pope Innocent III | (1160-1216), only 37 years old when he became pope and quickly extended the authority of the papacy over Rome and in Italy. When King John of England appointed the archbishop of Canterbury without Innocent's approval, the pope excommunicated John |
| Black Death | an epidemic of the bubonic plague that ravaged Europe in the 1300s |
| Epidemic | outbreak of a rapidly spreading disease |
| Longbow | six-foot-long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor |
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alanitii