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Science exam
Science study for finals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy | The ability to cause change |
| Kinetic energy | Energy to motion |
| Potential energy | Stored energy due to the introductions between objects, or particles |
| Work | The amount of energy used as a force moves an object |
| Mechanical energy | Some of the potential energy in the kinetic energy in a system |
| Sound energy | Energy carried by sound wave |
| Thermel energy | The son of the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the particles that make up an object |
| Electric energy | Energy carried by an electric current |
| Radiant energy | Energy carried by an electromagnet wave |
| Nuclear energy | Energy stored in and released from the nucleus of an atom |
| Law of conservation of energy | The law that states that energy can be transformed in one form to another, but it cannot be created or destroy destroyed |
| Friction | A contact force that resists the sliding motion of the surface that are touching |
| Heat | The movement of thermal energy from a region of higher temperatures to a region of lower temperature |
| Conduction | The transfer of thermal energy due to collision between particles |
| Thermal conductor | A material through which thermal energy flows quickly |
| Thermal insulator | A material through which the thermal energy flows slow slowly |
| Convection | The circulation of particles within a material caused by differences and thermal energy and density ; the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of particles from one part of the material to another |
| Radiation | The transfer of thermal energy by electromagnet waves |
| Climate | The long-term average weather condition that occurred in a particular |
| Rain shadow | An area of low rainfall on the down winds slope of a mountain |
| Specific heat | The amount of thermal energy (joules) needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of material 1°C |
| Microclimate | Climate is different from the climate of the large area surrounding it |
| Ice Age | A period of time when a largerof earth's surface is covered by glaciers |
| Interglacier | The warm view that occurs during an ice age |
| El Niño/ southern oscillation | The combined ocean and atmosphere cycle that results in weekend tradewinds across the Pacific Ocean |
| Monsoon | The wind circulating pattern that changes direction with the season |
| Drought | The period of below average precipitation |
| Global warming | An increase in the average temperature of earth surf |
| Greenhouse gas | A gas in the atmosphere that absorbs earths, outgoing, infrared radiation |
| Deforestation | The removal of large areas of forest for human purposes |
| Global climate model | A set of complex equations used to predict future climate |
| Weather | The atmosphere condition along with short-term changes of a certain place at a certain |
| Air pressure | The pressure that a column of air excerpts on the air or a surface below it |
| Humidity | The amount of water in the air |
| Relative humidity | The amount of water paper in the air compared to the maximum amount of water the air could contain at that temperature |
| Dew point | Temperature at which air is fully saturated because of decreasing temperatures while holding the amount of moisture constant |
| Precipitation | Water and liquid form that falls from the atmosphere |
| Water cycle | The series of natural processes by which water continually moves throughout the hydrosphere |
| High pressure system | A large body of circulating air with high pressure at its center and low pressure outside system |
| Low pressure system | Body of circulating air with low pressure at center and high pressure outside system |
| Air mass | A large area of air that has uniform temperature, humidity and pressure |
| Front | A boundary between two air masses |
| Tornado | A violent whirling column of air in contact with the ground |
| Hurricane | An intense tropical storm with winds exceeding 119 km/h |
| Blizzard | A violent winter storm characterized by freezing temperatures, strong winds and blowing snow |
| Surface report | Description of the set of weather measurements made on earth |
| Upper airport | A description of wind, temperature and humidity conditions above earths surface |
| Doppler radar | A specialized type of radar that detect precipitation, as well as the movement of small particles, which can be used to approximate |
| Isobar | All places on a map where pressure has the same value |
| Computer model | Computer programs solve a set of complex mathematics formula |
| Reference point | The starting point you use to describe the motion of the position of an object |
| Position | And object's distance and direction from a reference point |
| Displacement | The difference between the initial, or starting, position and the final position of an object that has moved |
| Motion | The process of changing position |
| Speed | The distance an object moves divided by the time it takes to move the distance |
| Velocity | The speed and the direction of a moving object |
| Acceleration | A measure of the change in velocity during a period of time |
| Distance-time graph | A graph that shows how distance and time are related |
| Speed-time graph | A graph that shows the speed of a object on the y-axis and time on the x-axis |
| Force | A push or pull on an object |
| Contact force | A push or pull on one object by another object that is touching it |
| Noncontact force | A force that one object applies to another object without touching it |
| Gravity | An attractive force that exests between all objects that have mass |
| Friction | A contact force that resists the sliding motion of two surfaces that are touching |
| Air resistance | The friction force between air and objects movig through it |
| Newton's first law of motion | Law that states that if a neg force is zero the motion of the object does not change |
| Newton's second law of motion | Law that states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force exerled on the object divided by the object's mass |
| Newton's third law of motion | Law that states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
| Organism | Something that has all the characteristics of life |
| Cell | The smallest unit of life |
| Unicellular | A living thing that is made up of only one cell |
| Multicellular | A living organism that is mad up of two or more cells |
| Homeostasis | An original ability to maintain steady conditiona change |
| Binomial nomenclature | A naming system that gives each organism a two-word scientic name |
| Species | A group of organisms that have similar traits and are able to produce fertile off spring |
| Genus | A group of similar species |
| Dichotomous key | A series of descriptions arranged in pairs that lead the user to the identification of a unknown organism |
| Cladofram | A branched diagram that shows the relationship among organism including common ancestors |
| Light microscope | A microscope that uses light and lenses to enlarge an imagen of an object |
| Compound microscope | A light microscope that uses more than one lens to magnify an object |
| Electron microscope | A microscope that uses a magnetic field to focus a beam of electrons through an object or onto an objects surface |
| Organ system | A group of organs that work together and perform a specific membrane |
| Lymphocyte | A type of white blood cell that is made in the thymus, the spleen, and bone marrow |
| Nutrient | A part of food used by the body |
| Calories | The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of 1kg of water to 1°c |
| Immunity | The resistance to specific pathogens, or disease-causing glaciers |
| Compact bone | The hard, outerlayer of bone |
| Spongy bone | The interior region of bone that contains many tiny holes |
| Neuron | The basic functioning of the nervous system; a nerve cell |
| Reflex | An automatic moevment in response to a stimulus |
| Hormone | A chemical signal that is produced by an endocrine gland in one part of an organism and carried in the bloodstream to another part of the organism |
| cell theory | Theory that states that all living things are made of one or more cells the cells is the smallest unit of life and all new cells come from pre-existing cell |
| Micromolecule | Substance that formed from joining many small molecules together |
| Nucleic acid | Micromolecule that forms when long chains are molecules called nuclectides joined together |
| Protein | A long chain of amino acid molecules contain carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur |
| Lipid | A large micromolecules that does not dissolve in water |
| Carbonhydrate | A micromolecule made up of one or more sugar molecule, which are composed of carbon hydrogen, and oxygen usually the bodies, major source of energy |
| Cell membrane | A flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside the cell |
| Cell wall | A stiff structure outside the cell membrane that protect protects the cell from attack by visual and other harmful organisma |
| Cytoplasm | The liquid part is itself inside the cell membrane contains salt and other molecules |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of thread like protein joined together that gives a Cell in snap and help it move |
| Organelle | Membrane surrounded component of eukaryotic cells with a specialized function |
| Nucleus | Part of eakaryotic cell direct cells activity, and convert genetic information stored in DNA |
| Chloroplast | A membrane bound, organelle that uses light energy and makes food a sugar called glucose from water and carbon dioxide in a process known as photosynthesis |
| Passive transport | The amount of substance through a cell membrane without using the cell energy |
| Diffusion | The amount of substance from an area of a higher concentration to an area of low concentration |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water molecules only through a membrane |
| Facilitated diffusion | A process by which molecules pass through a cell membrane using special protein called transport protein |
| Active transport | The amount of substance through a cell membrane using a cell energy |
| Endocytosis | The process during which is itself takes in a substance by surrounding with cell membrane |
| Exocytosis | The process during which is itself vessel, releases the content outside the cell |
| Cellular respiration | A series of chemical reaction that energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP |
| Glycalsis | A process by which glucose a sugar is broken down into smaller molecules |
| Fermentation | A reaction that eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells can use to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low |
| Photosynthesis | A series of chemical reaction, light energy, water, and CO2 into the food, energy, molecule, glucose, and gifts of oxygen |
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