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CP
exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is development? | Development= change over time, which includes physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes across the lifespan. |
| What are the goals of developmental science? | Describes development (what happens?) Explain development (why/how does it happen?) Apply knowledge to improve lives (schools, parenting, policy) |
| Compare and contrast continuity and discontinuity. | is a gradual/ smooth changes like quantitative changes (more/less of something) like coral reef, fish (due to length, weight, size) is distinct stages qualitative change in thoughts and actions (ex: walking, learning to read, talking, a frog |
| Compare and contrast normative and idiographic approaches. | Normative: focuses on general patterns (ex: how development progresses for everyone) Idiographic: focuses on individual development differences (ex: what makes children distinct from each other? / How do you explain these differences) |
| Compare and contrast stability and plasticity. | Traits remain consistent over time. (ex: early temperament may predict later personality; IQ stays stable after 4yrs) Development can change due to experience. (ex: children adopted from poor environments often “catch up” developmentally. Stability s |
| Describe how nature and nurture interact to affect development. | N= genes and biological inheritance (ex: physical appearance, personality, eyes, body) N= environmental (ex: family, childcare, school, neighborhood) Development is not one or the other- it's the interaction (ex: a child may have a genetic tendency |
| What is a cascading effect? | A cascading effect happens when one developmental change causes a chain reaction of other changes. Ex: language delay --> difficulty making friends--> lower self-esteem --> academic struggles One issue “cascades” into others over time. |
| What are the different research designs for studying development? What are the strengths and limitations of each? What is the gold standard? | Correlational studies: test the relationship between variables without manipulating them Strengths; shows associations, useful when manipulation is unethical Limitations; can’t prove cause and effect, correlation cancels with causation, third variab |
| How are correlations interpreted? What are the strengths and weaknesses or correlational designs? | Correlation ranges from –100 to +100 Positive correlation: both variables increase together Negative correlation: one increases; the other decreases. 0 = no relationship ⚠️ Correlation does NOT equal causation |
| What are the biases in WEIRD psychological research? | W= Western E= Educated I= Industrialized R= Rich D= Democratic Most psychological research and WEIRD samples, which limits generalizability to other cultures and populations |
| How do behaviorist view development? | Development is shaped by the environment through conditioning. Classical conditioning (Watson) Operant conditioning (rewards/punishments) Emphasizes nurture and continuity |
| • What is social learning theory? | Children learn by observing others (Bandura). Includes modeling and imitation. Emphasizes nurture and observational learning. |
| What is the evolutionary theory? | Based on Darwin. Behaviors develop because they help with survival and reproduction. Emphasizes nature and survival. |
| • What is nativism? | Children are born with innate abilities (ex: language device) Emphasizes nature and innate skills. |
| Describe Piaget’s 4 developmental stages. | Sensorimotor (0-2 yrs) Learning through senses and actions. Object permanence develops. Preoperational (2-7 yrs) Symbolic Thinking; egocentrism Concrete Operational (7-11 yrs) Logical thinking about concrete objects Formal Operational (12+) |
| Describe ecological systems theory | Development occurs within interacting systems: Microsystem (family, school) Mesosystem (connections between microsystems) Exosystem (indirect influences) Macrosystem (culture, law) Chronosystem (time changes) Emphasizes nurture and bidirect |
| Indicate each theories perspective in regard to the developmental themes described. | Discontinuous: Piaget, Freud, Erikson Innate skills: Nativism, Evolutionary Observation learning: Social Learning Bidirectional: Ecological systems Nurture emphasis: Behaviorism Survival emphasis: Evolutionary theory |
| What is development? | Change over time |
| A psychologist who looks at development through a discontinuous lens? | Thinks there are abrupt changes in development |
| What does stability refer to in development? | The degree to which one maintains their rank order |
| All of the following are true of longitudinal studies EXCEPT? | They can be a quick way to investigate potential long-term cascades |
| How can you interpret correlational data? | The relationship between two variables |
| Piaget viewed development through a discontinuous lens as evidence by? | His stage-like theoretical framework |
| Nativist theories argue that there are innate capacities children are born with that assist in the developmental process? | True |
| . Which theory argues that children play an active role in their own developmental trajectory? | Piaget’s theory |
| I examine 50 2-year-old children in their natural settings to see if any themes emerge in their socio-emotional development. What type of research am I conducting? | Discovery-based science |
| Generalizability of a study refers to | The degree to which results from one study hold true for other individuals in that population |
| Describe: chromosomes, genes, and DNA | Chromosomes: store and transmit genetic information (23 pairs) Genes: segment of DNA located along the chromosome DNA: substance of which genes and chromosomes are made |
| What is an allele? | Inherited from the parents are either dominant or recessive |
| What is a phenotype? | A set of outward, observable characteristics of an individual |
| Genotype? | The gene or set of genes that determines an individual’s traits (genetic makeup) |
| What is polygenetic/monogenetic inheritance? | An occurrence when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes (ex: height, weight, skin color) : characteristic controlled by one gene |
| What is meant by norm of reaction? | The range of possible phenotypes for given genotype |
| How do you calculate the probability of inheriting a trait? | Using Punnett squares (ex: 25% chance for recessive trait if both parents are carriers) |
| • Name and describe the different gene-environment correlations | Passive --parents provide genes and environment Evocative-- child's traits evoke response Active-- child seeks environments matching traits(niche-picking) |
| • Describe myelination and synaptic pruning. | the formation of an insulating myelin sheath around the axons of neurons : the process in which synapses are eliminated to increase the efficacy of neural communication |
| Describe dandelion children | Resilient children who are able to cope with stress and flourish despite environmental challenges |
| Describe orchid children. | characterized by low resilience who appear to wilt when faced with environmental challenges |
| What is the probability that the two individuals represented in the Punnett Square will have a child that can roll their tongue? TT, Tt, tT, tt | 25% |
| What is the probability that they will have a child that cannot roll their tongue but carries the recessive allele? TT, Tt, tT, tt | 50% |
| What is the probability that they will have a child that cannot roll their tongue and does not carry the recessive allele? TT, Tt, tT, tt | 25% |
| Imagine you can roll your tongue, but your mother cannot roll her tongue. What is her genetic makeup? | Tt |
| Imagine you and your partner can both roll your tongues. If you have a child, what are the chances that they will be able to roll their tongue? | 100% |
| Describe the stages of prenatal development | Germinal (0-2 weeks): Fertilization and implantation Embryonic (3-8 weeks): Major organs and body systems form Fetal (9 weeks-birth): Growth and brain development continue |
| What are the different risk factors during pregnancy? | include alcohol, smoking, drugs, stress, poor nutrition, infections, and environmental toxins |
| Provide examples of how timing matters for the exposure to different risk factors during pregnancy | Exposure during the embryonic stage can cause major birth defects because organs are forming. Exposure later in pregnancy may affect growth, brain development, or birth weight |
| What is a teratogen? | is an environmental substance that can cause damage during the prenatal period |
| What are some effects of exposure to different drugs during pregnancy? | Alcohol can cause Fetal Spectrum Disorders(intellectual impairment, facial deformities, slow growth rate, ADHD) Nicotine can cause low birth weight Cocaine can affect brain development Opioids can cause withdrawal symptoms in newborns |
| When are cesareans necessary? | during fetal distress, breech position, placenta previa, or medical emergencies |
| Are they overused? | Yes, in some countries cesareans are performed more often than medically necessary |
| Compare and contrast the term preterm and small-for date. * What is associated with these outcomes? | Preterm: born before 37 weeks Associated outcomes: both are linked to breathing problems, developmental delays, and health complications |
| Compare and contrast the term preterm and small-for date. * What is associated with these outcomes? | Small-for-date: born at a low weight for their gestational age Associated outcomes: both are linked to breathing problems, developmental delays, and health complications |
| Describe parenting and preterm babies. | benefit from sensitive, responsive, and supportive parenting |
| What is kangaroo care? What are some benefits? | skin-to-skin contact between parents and babies. Benefits include better temperature control, bonding, and improved survival rates |
| What do we know about SIDS? | the sudden unexplained death of an infant during sleep. Risk is reduced by placing babies on their backs to sleep |
| What do we know about newborn preferences for taste and smell? | prefer sweet tastes. They recognize and prefer their mother’s smell and breast milk scent |
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