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Patho unit 2

Cancer and stress response

QuestionAnswer
Cancer terms Tumor vs. neoplasm vs. cancer; benign vs. malignant vs. metastasis
Cancer naming Usually based on tissue of origin
Carcinoma Epithelial cancer
Lymphoma Cancer of solid lymphoid tissue
Leukemia Cancer of circulating blood or bone marrow
cancer staging Usually 1 (least invasive) to 4 (most invasive)
Differentiation cells look similar to cell which it originated ,
Autonomy cells not doing their job anymore due to the cancer
Anaplasia Increase in nuclear size, mitotic figures, pleomorphism
pleomorphism abnormal growth , shapes and sizes
Depth of invasion How far into normal tissue does tumor extend, the deeper it goes the higher the stage
Evidence of spread Regional spread, distant spread, Lymph nodes involved
Oncogenes Mutations can permanently turn on proliferation genes
MYC mutation associated with Burkitt lymphoma
BCR-ABL (Philly chromosome) mutation associated withChronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Tumor suppressor genes Mutations can damage anti-proliferation genes
Types of oncogenes MYC, BCR-ABL
Types of tumor suppressor genes APC, BRCA 1/2
APC mutation associated with FAP ( familial Adenomaton Polyposis)
BRCA 1 and 2 associated with and markers for breast cancer
Hepatitis b or c virus Hepatocellular carcinoma
Human Papiloma Virus (HPV) 16 or 18 Cervical Carcinoma
H. pylori Gastric carcinoma, gastric lymphoma
Smoking Lung and Throat carcinomas
UV radiation Skin cancer
Alcohol Hepatocellular carcinomas
Asbestos Mesothelioma of the Lung
Paraneoplastic syndromes Abnormal products of cancer cells
H. pylori Gastric carcinoma, gastric lymphoma
Smoking Lung and Throat carcinomas
UV radiation Skin cancer
Alcohol Hepatocellular carcinomas
Asbestos Mesothelioma of the Lung
Paraneoplastic syndromes Abnormal products of cancer cells
ACTH Small cell carcinoma of lung
ADH Small cell carcinoma of lung
EPO Renal cell carcinoma
Serotonin Carcinoid tumors
Chemotherapy Effects on growing cells examples GI epithelium hair gametes bone marrow
Autonomic Nervous System Responsibl for actions and motor
Sympathetic nervous system flight or fight
main neurotransmitters for SNS epinephrine neuroepi
main adrenergic receptors for SNS Alpha and Beta
Agonist stimulates
antagonist blocks
SNS effects on body Increase HR Bronchiole dilation pupil dilation stops GI tract
Parasympathetic NS rest and digest
PNS 's main neurotransmitter Achetalcholine
PNS's effects on body lower HR bronchiole constriction pupil constriction stimulates GI tract
Cortisol Glueocoritcoid hormone; secreted by adrenal cortex
what does cortisol due Supresses T helper cell 1; Promotes T helper cell 2 ; creates glucose intolerance
Created by: Reece_w
 

 



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