Locus (singular)/Loci (plural)

A specific location on a particular chromosome, often referring to the location of a gene within the overall genome (think a street address)

An abstract concept that refers, usually, to a heritable unit of DNA sequence that encodes for a particular protein. The definition of gene is very tenuous and up for a lot of scientific debate

Alternative versions of a gene that usually result from polymorphisms at a particular genomic location. If an individual has two identical alleles, they are called homozygous for that allele.

The specific information encoded at a given position in the genome. This can refer to the actual DNA sequence or can be represented by abstract symbols

Physical expressions of genetic traits that can be observed. Genotype + environment = phenotype

A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. These can be qualitative or quantitative. All traits are phenotypes, but the word 'phenotype' can be used to refer to many traits

Allele/Genotype Symbols

A vs a- dominant vs recessive alleles Ocr+ vs Ocr- wild type vs mutant alleles ADH1B1 vs ADH1B2 vs ADH1B3- the 1 allele is the primary allele in the population and the others are mutants. Slashes are used to separate alleles when writing out genotype

Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur simultaneously.

For two mutually exclusive events, the probability that either is realized is the sum of their individual probabilities

Two or more events that have no effect on each other are independent

The probability of two or more independent events occurring is the product of their individual probabilities

Allele Frequency Calculations

f(dominant)= (2(#of homozygous dominant)+(# of heterozygotes))/(2total # of individuals) and f(recessive)= (2(# of homozygous recessive)+(# of heterozygotes))/(2total # of individuals)

1. Find the allele frequencies for a dihybrid (or higher) cross by breaking it into its monohybrid crosses 2. Write branching arrows from the probability for one monohybrid crosses to the possible outcomes for others 3. Use the multiplication rule

chi-square goodness of fit test

a statistical test to determine whether some observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to an expected pattern

X^2=summation(O-E)^2/E O= observed E=expected

Degrees of Freedom (df)

Number of independent values in a statistical calculation (n-1 where n is the # of categories at hand)

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Week 7 Quiz

Term	Definition
Locus (singular)/Loci (plural)	A specific location on a particular chromosome, often referring to the location of a gene within the overall genome (think a street address)
Gene(s)	An abstract concept that refers, usually, to a heritable unit of DNA sequence that encodes for a particular protein. The definition of gene is very tenuous and up for a lot of scientific debate
Allele(s)	Alternative versions of a gene that usually result from polymorphisms at a particular genomic location. If an individual has two identical alleles, they are called homozygous for that allele.
Genotypes	The specific information encoded at a given position in the genome. This can refer to the actual DNA sequence or can be represented by abstract symbols
Phenotypes	Physical expressions of genetic traits that can be observed. Genotype + environment = phenotype
Traits	A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes. These can be qualitative or quantitative. All traits are phenotypes, but the word 'phenotype' can be used to refer to many traits
Allele/Genotype Symbols	A vs a- dominant vs recessive alleles Ocr+ vs Ocr- wild type vs mutant alleles ADH1B1 vs ADH1B2 vs ADH1B3- the 1 allele is the primary allele in the population and the others are mutants. Slashes are used to separate alleles when writing out genotype
Mutual Exclusivity	Two events are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur simultaneously.
Addition Rule	For two mutually exclusive events, the probability that either is realized is the sum of their individual probabilities
Independent Events	Two or more events that have no effect on each other are independent
Multiplication Rule	The probability of two or more independent events occurring is the product of their individual probabilities
Allele Frequency Calculations	f(dominant)= (2(#of homozygous dominant)+(# of heterozygotes))/(2total # of individuals) and f(recessive)= (2(# of homozygous recessive)+(# of heterozygotes))/(2total # of individuals)
Branching Method	1. Find the allele frequencies for a dihybrid (or higher) cross by breaking it into its monohybrid crosses 2. Write branching arrows from the probability for one monohybrid crosses to the possible outcomes for others 3. Use the multiplication rule
chi-square goodness of fit test	a statistical test to determine whether some observed pattern of frequencies corresponds to an expected pattern
Chi-square formula	X^2=summation(O-E)^2/E O= observed E=expected
Degrees of Freedom (df)	Number of independent values in a statistical calculation (n-1 where n is the # of categories at hand)

Created by: user-2026455

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