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Biology Lab Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is evolution? | a change of allele frequencies in a population over time |
| what criteria must be met for an equilibrium of allele frequencies to exist? | no mutation, random mating, no natural selection, large population, and no gene flow |
| allele | an alternative version of a gene |
| bottleneck | the increase or decrease of allele frequencies in a population |
| chi-square analysis | a statistical test that is used to determine whether the observed data are close enough to the data expected by a hypothesis to be acceptable |
| fixed allele | it is the only allele in a population |
| genetic drift | allele frequencies change over successive generation simply by chance |
| Hardy- Weinburg equilibrium | important standard to monitor allele frequencies in a population, no evolution is occurring |
| population | the same species living in an area |
| allopatric speciation | the evolution of new species from a single ancestral population due to geographic isolation |
| macroevolution | large scale evolutionary change at or above species level |
| microevolution | small scale evolutionary change that occurs within populations |
| migration | the movement of individuals into or out of a population ; migration will lead to evolutionary change if the event leads to a change in allele frequencies across generations |
| mutation | a random, unpreditable change in DNA |
| natural selection | individuals more successfully adapted to the environment have greater fitness |
| parapatric speciation | occurs when a smaller population is isolated, usually at the periphery of a larger group, and becomes differentiated to the point of becoming a new species |
| reproductive isolation | various reproductive isolating mechanisms the prevent interbreeding between two different species whose ranges overlap |
| speciation | evolutionary process by which new species arise |
| species ( defined by biological species concept) | species are groups of actually or potentionally interbreeding natural population that are reproductively isolated from other such group |
| sympatric speciation | the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic |
| clade | a group organisms that include a single common ancestor and all of its descendents |
| common ancestor | an ancestral species or population from which two or more different species have evolved |
| dichotomous key | a fundamental, step by step biological tool used to identitfy organisms or objects by choosing between two, mutually exculsive characteristics at each step |
| node | a branching point that represents a common ancestor |
| phylogenetic tree | a branching diagram representing a hypothesis of the evolutionary relationships and history among various biological specifics or entitles |
| synapomorphy | a dervived trait shared by two or more taxa and their most recent common ancestor |
| systematics | a scientific study of organizing classifying, and naming organisms based on their evolutionary history, relationship, and traits |
| alternation of generations | a life cycle in plants where two stages alternate: a haploid gameophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage |
| antheridium | the male reproductive structure in non-flowering plants that produces sperm |
| archegonium | the female reproductive structure in non-flowering plants that produces eggs |
| gametophyte | the haploid stage of plant's life cycles produces gametes |
| phloem | vascular tissue that transports sugars and nutrients from leaves to other parts of the plant |
| sorus | a cluster of sporangia, usually found on the underside of fern fronds |
| sporangium | a structure where spores are produced |
| spore | A haploid reproductive cell that can grow into a new organism without fertilization |
| sporophyte | the diploid stage of a plants life cycle that produces spores |
| vascular tissue | specialized plant tissue that transports water, minerals, and nutrients throughout the plant |
| Xylem | Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals |
| angiosperm | A flowering plant that produces seeds inclosed within an ovary |
| anther | the part of the stamen(reproductive organ ) that contains microsporangia and produces pollen |
| cones | reproductive structures that are composed of modified leaves called sporophylls |
| contyledons | the embryonic leaf/leaves found in a seed which may store nutrience or act as the first photosynthetic leaves among germimenation |
| double fertilization | a process unique to angiosperms where one sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg and a second sperm fertilizes the polar nuclei |
| egg | the haploid female gamete, located within the ovule |
| embryo | the rudimentary plant contained within a seed, developed from the zygote |
| embryo sac | the female gameophyte of angiosperms, located within the ovule, containing the egg and polar nuclei |
| endosperm | a nutrient - rich tissue formed by a double fertilization that provides food for the developing embryo |
| filament | the stalk part of the stamen that supports the anther |
| flower | the reproductive structure of an angiosperm |
| gymnosperm | a seed plant with naked seeds |
| heterosporous | producing two types of spores, microspores and megaspores |
| megasporangium | a structure with in the ovule that produces megaspores via meiosis |
| megaspores | the haploid spore that develops into the female gameophyte |
| megaspore mother cell | the diploid cell in megasporanguim that undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid megaspores |
| microsporangium | a structure with an anther or male cone that poduces microspores |
| microspore | the haploid spore that develops into a pollen grain |
| ovary | the base of the pistil that encloses the ovules and matures into fruit |
| ovule | the structure containing the magasporangium and female gameophyte which develops into a seed after fertilization |
| petal | often brightly colored leaf-like structures surrounding the reproductive part sto a flower to attract pollenators |
| pistil | the female reproductive unit often composed of stigma, style, and ovary |
| polar nuclei | 2 haploid nuclei within the embryo sac that fuse with a sperm nucleus to form the triploid endosperm |
| pollen grain | the immature male gameophyte of seed plants, containing sperm cells |
| radicle | the embryonic root of a plant |
| seed | a matured ovule containing the embryo, endosperm, and a protective coat |
| seed coat | the protective outer covering of a seed, developed from the ovule integuments |
| sepal | the outermost, often green leave-like structure that protects flower buds |
| shoot apical meristem | the region of rapidly diving cells at the tip of the shoot, responsible for upward growth |
| sperm nucleus | the male gamete produced with in the pollen grain that fertilizes the egg |
| sporophyll | A modified leaf that bears sporangia |
| stamen | the male reproductive unit, consisting of an anther and a filament |
| stigma | the upper part of the pistil that receives pollen |
| style | the stalk connecting the stigma to the ovary |
| allopatric speciation | the formation of new species when a population is split into two geographically isolated groups by a physical barrier |
| sympatric speciation | the process by which a new species evolves from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic location |
| what are the eight categories used to classify organisms | domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species |
| characteristics of bateria | single-celled prokaryotes, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, with DNA arranged in a circular nucleoid |
| charcteristics of protists | eukaryotes, defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles with linear DNA |
| How does a paramecium move | through aquatic environments with hair-like cilia |
| how does a euglena move | with a flagellum |
| how does a paramecium obtain its food | through an oral grove |
| how does a euglena obtain its food | through absorbing nutrients and photosynthesis |
| what are the shapes of bacteria | cocci( spherical ), bacilli( rod-like), and spiral |
| key differences between mosses and ferns | mosses lack true vascular tissue, ferns are more complex |
| why are mosses and ferns found in moist habitats | both mosses and ferns require water for reproduction |
| why is a fern considered more advanced than moss | ferns have vascular tissue |
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