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GEOL 1000 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 2 media type of sedimentary rocks? | Dissolved ions & Particles (Clast's) |
| Dissolved ions | Mineral components—primarily calcium, carbonate, silica, sodium, chloride, and sulfate—released by chemical weathering, transported in water, and precipitated to form chemical sedimentary rocks. |
| Particle (clast's) | Formed from the accumulation, compaction, and cementation of fragments (clast's) derived from pre-existing rocks and minerals, broken down by weathering and erosion |
| What are the four modes of transportation? | Wind, Water, Glaciers, and Gravity |
| What are the Depositional environments? | Marine and Terrestrial |
| Marine depositional environments | These environments are characterized by complex physical, chemical, and biological processes influenced by water depth, energy levels, and proximity to land |
| Terrestrial depositional environments | Areas on land—or in freshwater bodies surrounded by land—where sediments are laid down, accumulating in non-marine settings far enough from the sea that they are not affected by ocean tides and waves |
| Lithification | The process of converting loose, unconsolidated sediment (like sand, mud, or gravel) into solid sedimentary rock |
| The 3 c's | Compaction, Cementation, reCrystallization |
| Compaction | The physical process of squeezing sediments together under the weight of overlying materials, reducing their volume and pore space |
| Cementation | A crucial process in forming sedimentary rock, where minerals precipitate from groundwater and fill the spaces (pores) between sediment grains |
| reCrystallization | A solid-state metamorphic process where existing mineral crystals in a rock are rearranged, grow, or change shape due to high heat and pressure, without melting |
| What are the clastic rocks? | Conglomerate, Sandstone, Siltstone, Claystone |
| Clastic definition | Accumulation of particles, weathered particles |
| Conglomerate | Gravel-sized particles |
| Sandstone | Sand-sized particles |
| Siltstone | Silt-sized particles |
| Claystone/Mudstone/Shale | Clay-sized particles |
| Chemical (evaporites) definition | Dissolved in water, formed within an evaporating salty lake or sea form dissolved chemicals within the water |
| What are the chemical rocks? | Salts, Gypsum |
| Biogenic definition | Form from the accumulation and lithification of organic debris, such as shells, skeletons, and plant material |
| Biogenic | Carbonates, Silica-walled organisms, Organic hydrocarbons |
| Carbonates | Calcite (CaCO3)-shelled organisms Limestone (macro- & micro organisms e.g. coral reefs, bivalves, foraminifera) Chalk (coccolithospores) |
| Silica-walled organisms | Chert (diatoms) |
| Organic hydrocarbons | Mostly plant organisms Coal (terrestrial land plants) Different stages of Coal formation: peat, lignite, sub-, bituminous & anthracite |
| How do you interpret sedimentary rocks? | Sphericity of clasts: high to low Roundness: well- to poorly-rounded Sorting: well- to poorly-sorted Composition (mineral comp. of clasts) Structures (cross-bedding, mudcracks, ripple marks, dropstones, bioturbation) Fossils: body vs. trace |
| Transgressions | sea level rises |
| Regressions | sea level lowers |
| Travelling east across southern Ohio the bedrock gets progressively______? | Younger |
| The bedrock beneath BGSU is? | Silurian |
| These sandstone disks are found all over the city of Berea, OH (western Cuyahoga County, western Cleveland). What was their primary use, back in the 1800s-early 1900's? | Spun on a wooden rod to sharpen metal tools & grind wheat into flour |
| Lime stone is a _______ sedimentary rock comprised of the hard _______ calcite shells of ancient marine sea creatures | Non-clastic ; calcite |
| Shale is a ______ sedimentary rock made of ______ particles. | Clastic ; clay sized |
| Select the correct particle size order from going from fine (on left) to coarse (on right)? | Clay, silt, sand, gravel |
| A sedimentary rock with poorly-rounded clasts that are >2mm in diameter is called a | Breccia |
| The majority of the exterior building stone of the Wood County Courthouse in Bowling Green, Ohio is made out of which Ohio-quarried bedrock? | Berea sandstone |
| Most living coral reef communities are found in modern environments with three fairly distinctive conditions. SELECT THREE environmental conditions under which coral reefs survive and thrive. | Clear debris free water, warm subtropical water temperatures, and relatively shallow waters |
| In 1985, Ohio named the official state fossil the? | Isotelus Trilobite - Paleozoic marine sea cockroach |
| unique spheres or orbs are found in an Ohio shale strata. What mineral are they composed of ? ____If broken open, what do we typically find inside?____ And finally, in which time period was this particular shale layer formed? ____ | Calcite ; first tooth or bone ; devonian |
| During lithification, Aragonite shells of living marine organisms, transform into Calcite shells through a process called? | Recrystallization |
| In Ohio, what age are the salt deposits that are mined ~1800' below the surface of Whiskey Island, Cleveland? | Silurian |
| Dark rock with conchoidal fracture is the "sedimentary, biogenic equivalent" to igneous volcanic glass. | Flint |
| You've heard me describe the youngest and the oldest bedrock of Ohio as "biogenic bookends". The oldest rocks of the state are from a ___depositional environment, while the youngest bedrock of the state are from a ___ depositional environment. | Marine ; terrestrial |
| This simple sedimentary stratigraphic sequence (limestone overlain by shale overlain by sandstone) is typically interpreted as a marine regression. | False |
| 23,000 year old human footprints found in the gypsum-rich sediment of White Sands National Park, NM are an example of a | Trace fossil |
| The surface bedrock beneath BGSU topsoil is? | Silurian dolostone |
| Which half of Ohio is most prone to cave and sinkhole formation through dissolution (dissolving) of Calcite rich limestone? | Western half |
| Silurian-aged salts are mined in the surface rocks of northwestern Ohio (just west of the city of Bowling Green). | False |
| The official state gemstone of Ohio is? | Flint |
| Shale is a mudstone (claystone) with one additional ingredient which is? | Ancient algae/organic matter |
| In Ohio, the Sharon conglomerate is___ more ___& ______ than the Berea sandstone. | Younger ; coarse-grained ; more terrestrial (in terms of depositional environment) |
| In this Grand Canyon rock strata sequence, which rock type appears to produce the least steep (lowest gradient) cliffs? | Shale |
| Poorly-sorted sediments , are often found in glacial environments. | True |
| Which of the following Carbon-containing materials could be ignited and burn/combust for the longest period of time? | Bituminous coal |
| Which method is the most productive way of mining petrol products (oil & gas) out of impermeable rocks? | Hydraulic fracturing/"fracking" of the rock unit |
| Which half of Ohio has the most shale and hydraulic fracking operations? | Eastern half |
| Which of the following sedimentary rocks has the highest carbon content and would burn for the longest period of time if ignited? | Bituminous coal |
| Which radioactive isotope did the scientists measure to get a 2.6-3 billion year old age of the metamorphic gneiss? | Uranium |
| What process did Lord Kelvin and scientists at that time, not know about that produces heat energy inside the Earth? | Radioactivity |
| William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) challenged Hutton’s theory that the Earth had no vestige of a beginning & no prospect of an end. He theorized the Earth has an absolute age and has been __________ energy through friction and cooling since it has formed. | Losing |
| Lord Kelvin believed the Earth started out molten and has been cooling ever since. He calculated how much time it would take to cool completely. | 20 million to 40 million years |
| How large is this gap in time between the bottom vertical grey rocks and the overlying horizontal red rocks? | 80 million years |
| Hutton proposed that new land could have formed by the building up of layers of rubble producing _______________ rock layers. | Sedimentary |
| Hutton noticed that not all igneous rocks look the same. Some have small crystals, while others have larger crystals. What affects the size of the crystals in an igneous rock, or molten glass in the glass factory experiment? | Cooling rate |
| At Siccar Point, in Southeast Scotland, which type of unconformity did Hutton observe where vertical grey rocks were overlain by more horizontal red rocks on top? | Angular unconformity |
| Molten granite was proof of a giant heat engine inside the Earth. At the confluence of the two rivers, which rock type did Hutton see the young pink granite injected into? | Sandstone |
| What did James Hutton notice about the land on his farm in Slighhouse, Scotland? | Soil kept weathering away |
Created by:
lback21