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A&P Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alimentary canal | nourishes the body mouth, pharynx, larynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, duodenum, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| mouth digests | sugars |
| pharynx | connects mouth to esophagus; throat |
| esophagus | uses peristalsis to push food to the stomach |
| small intestine | mixes food with bile and pancreatic juice |
| duodenum digests | fats |
| stomach digests | proteins |
| large intestine | absorbs water and forms waste |
| accessory organs | aid in the breakdown of food salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| salivary glands | secrete saliva to help with the breakdown of carbs |
| the ____________ produces bile and the _______________ stores it until it goes to the ______________ | liver; gallbladder; small intestine |
| bolus | food |
| deglutition | swallowing |
| uvula | prevents food from going into the nasal cavity |
| epiglottis | prevents food from going into the trachea and entering the lungs |
| bile is an | emulsifier |
| lipase | made by the pancreas and breaks small fats into even smaller ones for digestion, allows lipase to work more efficiently |
| gastrin comes from.... secreted when..... stimulates..... | the stomach when there is food in the stomach release of gastric juice, mobility of small intestine, relaxes ileocecal valve |
| secretin comes from.... secreted when.... increases... inhibits.... | the duodenum when there is acidic chyme and partially digested food in the duodenum output of pancreatic juice (rich is bicarbonate ions), bile output gastric mobility and gastric gland secretion |
| cholecystokinin comes from... secreted when... increases... relaxes... | the duodenum when there is fatty chyme in the duodenum output of enzyme rich pancreatic juice, stimulates release of bile from gallbladder sphincter of duodenal papilla to allow bile and pancreatic juice to enter the duodenum |
| insulin | beta cells of pancreas increases facilitated diffusion of glucose into the body cells and movement of amino acids into body cells glycogenesis |
| glucagon | alpha cells of pancreas increases blood levels of glucose glycogenolysis |
| glycogeneis | glucose --> glycogen |
| glycogenolysis | glycogen --> glucose |
| gluconeogenesis | glucose is formed from a non carb source |
| villi | finger looking structures in small intestine to increase surface area for absorption |
| capillaries | circulatory system amino acids and monosaccharides |
| lacteals | lymphatic system chylomicrons ( glycerol and fatty acids) |
| major duodenal papilla | combined entry point for common bile duct and main pancreatic duct (pancreatic enzymes and bile) |
| minor duodenal papilla | above the major, drains the accessory pancreatic duct (pancreatic juice) |
| liver--> pancreas----> | bile insulin glucagon, pancreatic juice |
| stomach----> moth --> pancreas--> | pepsin (protein breakdown) + gastric lipase salivary amylase (starch and sugar breakdown) digests fats |
| parietal stomach cells | produces HCl and intrinsic factor |
| HCl | gives stomach high acidity |
| intrinsic factor | necessary for absorption of vitamin B12 |
| pepsinogen + HCl --> | pepsin |
| pepsin | used to digest proteins |
| four main regions of the stomach | (1)cardia, (2) fundus, (3) body, (4) pylorus |
| pyloric sphincter | located at the bottom of the stomach, controls the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach to go to the small intestine |
| chyme | food after it goes thru the stomach |
| gastroesophageal sphincter | located at the top of the stomach, prevents acid reflux into the esophagus |
| peristalsis | rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in one direction |
| segmentation | rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle back and forth (small intestine) |
| small vs large intestine | small is 3x smaller than large small absorbs nutrients large absorbs water |
| right primary bronchus | more vertical, shorter and wider |
| left primary bronchus | less vertical, longer and narrower |
| pulmonary tree | branching system of airways transporting air from the trachea to gas exchanging alveoli |
| bronchial tree | trachea --> primary bronchi --> secondary --> tertiary --> bronchioles --> terminal bronchioles --> respiratory bronchioles --> alveolar ducts --> alveolar sacs |
| asthma | airway inflammation and spasms (super allergy) |
| emphysema | destruction of alveoli reducing surface area for oxygen exchange |
| hemoglobin | transports oxygen 4 heme groups attached to each globulin protein |
| bohr effect | relationship between pH and oxygen's affinity for hemoglobin more accidic pH promotes oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin and a higher pH inhibits the more CO2 in blood, the more molecules that have to be converted, generating H+ --> lowering blood pH |
| Carbon dioxide transport | 1) blood plasma --> 7% 2) bicarbonate --> 70% 3) carbaminohemoglobin --> 23% |
| importance of surface tension in the lungs | serous fluid creates surface tension, which prevents the lungs from deflating |
| pneumothorax | air in the lungs--> lungs collapse |
| inhale vs exhale | inhale is lower than 760mmHg exhale is greater than 760 mmHg |
| diaphragmatic | deep breathing |
| costal | shallow breathing |
| pharynx vs larynx | throat voicebox |
| medulla oblongata controls | rate/ pattern of breathing |
| pons controls | breathing sped (fast/slow) |
| residual volume (RV) | air left in the lungs even after exhaling as much as possible (prevents alveoli from collapsing) |
| tidal volume (TV) | amount of air that normally enters the lungs during quiet breathing; usable air |
| oxygen | used by the body to drive energy production |
| carbon dioxide | waste product from breathing, regulates pH |
| nitrogen | pushes oxygen in, maintains alveolar pressure and prevents rapid oxidation |
| vital capacity (VC) | amount of air one can move in/out of the lungs; what is usable and makes it to alveoli sum of all volumes except RV |
| total lung capacity (TLC) | sum of all volumes; the amount of air one can hold in their lungs after a forceful inhalation |
| TLC ref range | 6000 males 4200 females |
| diaphragm | separates the chest and abdomen contracts downwards to increase thoracic volume allowing air to rush into the lungs; primary inspiratory muscle |
| intercostals | between the ribs, expands during inspiration and assist with quiet breathing |
| abdominals | drive forced exhalation |
| right lung | 3 lobes- superior, middle, inferior |
| left lung | 2 lobes - superior and inferior |
| true vocal cords | white membranes fold attached to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilage of the larynx; inner edges are free allowing sound to be produced |
| false vocal cords | folded section of mucous membrane on top of the true for protection |
| nasal cavities vs sinuses | nasal cavities warm, moisten and filter air sinuses product mucus (warms and moistens) |
| sinuses | named for associated bone; frontal, maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoid |
| surfactant | oily serous fluid type mixture that reduces surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse |
| mucus | traps pathogens and lubricates surfaces, open to outside world |
| serous fluid | provides lubrication |
| thyroid vs cricoid cartilage | thyroid--> larger, above cricoid cricoid --> smaller, forms a ring |
| type I alveolar cells | make up 97% alveolar surface area, 25nm thick and highly permeable |
| type II alveolar cells | secretes pulmonary surfactant |
| type III alveolar cells | macrophages remove debris and pathogens |
Created by:
kingsleya27