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anatomy test 1
PART THREE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what are the basic types of capillaries? | 1. continuous/complete capillaries (lungs, muscle skin). small molecules can pass 2. fenestrated capillaries (kidney and small intestine). areas of absorption and secretion 3. sinusoid (liver, bone marrow, spleen). large molecules/cells can pass |
| what is blood pressure? | -the force per unit area in a vessel (in mmHg) exerted by the blood and created by the heart - the amount of force your blood uses to get through your arteries -when measured, refers to arterial pressure |
| is BP constant throughout the body? what changes are observed and why | -No -highest in aorta and lowest in veins -as you get farther away from the heart, BP decreases -decreases a lot in capillaries so gas exchange can happen |
| what are major differences between the structure of arteries and veins? | -vein walls are thinner than those of arteries -vein's lumens are larger than arteries (lower BP) |
| what is osmotic and hypostatic pressure? | -hydrostatic pressure= the pressure that drives fluid movement out of the blood -osmotic pressure= the pressure that drives water to move through a semi-permeable membrane |
| what is net filtration pressure? | -the driving force for fluid movement across capillary membranes calculated by subtracting osmotic pressure from hydrostatic pressure. (+) NFP indicates fluid is moving out of the capillaries (-)NFP suggests fluid is being reabsorbed |
| what hormones are involved in fight or flight response? | -epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| what is pulse pressure? and what is significance of number? | -the difference between diastolic and systolic pressures -detected as the pulse in an artery -too high or too low could mean health problems |
| what is MAP and how is it calculated? why do we divide by 3 and not 2 | - mean arterial pressure = the actual pressure which drives flow formula-> MAP= diastolic pressure +{1/3 ( systolic pressure-diastolic pressure)] -because diastole is twice as long as systole so ratio wise it makes it more accurate |
| what are baroreceptors? | -a form of specialized nerve ending that assist the brain in detecting changes in blood pressure levels by the way that the walls of the blood vessels stretch. -info is sent from the baroreceptors to the brain to help keep blood pressure balanced. |
| what is the chemical pathway leading to the release of aldosterone? | 1. kidney senses a decrease in sodium or BP and secretes renin hormone 2.renin converts blood angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 3. angio. I is converted to angio II by ACE (angio. converting enzyme in lungs) 4. angio. II stimulates aldosterone release |
| how is angiotensin I different from angiotensin II? | - angiotensin I is a precursor molecule, while it has some more vasoconstrictive activity, it's less potent than angiotensin II -angiotensin II acts directly on blood vessels |
| what is the function of trabeculae carnae? | -comb like "meaty" appearance of chamber surface of the heart wall -keeps walls from suctioning together during contraction |
| what is the significance of capillary structure? | -increase in cross sectional area slows the flow rate, which facilitates exchange -they have low pressure b/c they are fragile and so there is time for gas exchange to occur |
| what forces are involved in the movement of material in and out of capillaries? | -osmotic and hydrostatic pressure |
| what is anoxia? | -complete loss of oxygen -no oxygen to tissue |
| what is an MI? | - myocardial infarction, or "heart attack" -due to death (infarct) of heart tissue -due to a near or complete obstruction of a coronary artery |
| what is cardiac arrest? | -when the coronary arteries are obstructed and the heart tissue dies, it usually interferes with the cardiac conduction system, causing cardiac arrest |
| what is a pacemaker? | -what sends action potentials to signal your heart to beat (SA and AV nodes) -an artificial pacemaker is an electrical device that generates impulse at about 75 times a minute |
| what is the pericardium? | -a fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects your heart. It also lubricates your heart and holds it in place in your chest. |
| what is hypovolemic shock? | -due to extreme blood loss ex a gunshot wound -results in decreased BP, SV SV and EDV -is an emergency, and if not treated can lead to organ failure and death |
| what is a CVA? | -cerebrovascular accident, or a "stroke" -occurs when blood flow to the brain is damaged |
| what order of electrical connections are found in the heart? | SA node AV node Bundle of HIS (atrioventricular bundle) Purkinje fibers |
| what is an arrythmia? | irregular heartbeat |
| what is fibrillation? | -atrial fibrillation is the absence of the p wave, meaning the atria does not depolarize, or contract -meaning all of the blood does not go from the atria to the ventricles meaning stroke volume decreases as does the amount of blood your body is pumping |
| how is blood sodium and potassium regulated? | -Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - The kidneys filter blood, reabsorbing sodium and potassium as needed. |
| how is blood volume regulated? | -Hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) help control water retention and sodium balance. -The kidneys filter blood and adjust urine output to maintain fluid balance. |
| how is blood calcium regulated? | -thyroid- releases calcitonin which lowers blood calcium levels -parathyroids- release parathyroid hormone PTH which raises blood calcium levels |
| what are the different types of diabetes? | -type I (autoimmune disorder) problems with insulin receptors, cells do not respond to insulin born with it, genetic -type II. develop it -your body stops making insulin because the cells in your muscles, liver and fat stop responding |
| what are the symptoms of diabetes? | polyuria- increase in urine production polydipsia- excessive thirst hyperphagia hunger |
Created by:
emma.thornton