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Mammography
appearance of pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Refer to abnormal growths or lumps that can form in the breast tissue Can be broadly categorized into benign and malignant types | Breast masses |
| Formed when there is an accumulation of fluid within the terminal duct lobular unit | Breast cysts |
| Are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the breast tissue; may be unilateral, but are frequently bilateral and multifocal. | Breast cysts |
| Are solid, non-cancerous tumors made of fibrous and glandular tissue Usually painless, round and firm | Fibroadenomas |
| - Often described as rubbery and typically movable under the skin - Common in women under ____ year old - Some women increase size of this - Can change its shape due to hormonal sensitivity - Responds to monthly hormonal changes | Fibroadenomas 30 |
| - Benign tumors made of fatty tissue - Soft, movable lumps that can appear anywhere in the breast | Lipomas |
| Composed of mature fat cells encased within thin, fibrous capsules | Lipomas |
| - A benign condition where fat tissue in the breast becomes damaged and dies - It may cause a lump, skin changes, or discomfort, but it is usually not a cause of concern - Affects older age women (___ yo) | Fat necrosis 50 |
| A benign breast condition that occurs when a milk duct becomes blocked, leading to accumulation of milk within the breast tissue | Galactocele (Lacteal cyst or milk cysts) |
| - Commonly occurs after stopping breastfeeding (post-weaning). - Most frequently seen in the _______________ region, but it can develop anywhere in the breast. | Galactocele subareolar |
| Also known as the infiltrating ductal carcinoma, is the most common type of breast cancer | Invasive ductal carcinoma |
| This malignant breast mass starts in the milk ducts of the breast and then breaks through the ductal wall, invading the surrounding breast tissue | Invasive ductal carcinoma |
| IDC starts in the milk ducts and then breaking through the ductal walls to invade the surrounding breast tissue accounting for about ___% of breast cancer cases | 80 |
| - invasive (infiltrating) cancer because it spreads beyond the original layer of tissue - From milk ducts→spreads to other parts of the breasts→starts in the milk ducts of the breast→Breaks through the ductal wall - May form a palpable lump or mass | Invasive ductal carcinoma |
| It is a type of breast cancer that begins in the lobules (milk-producing glands) of the breast that invades the surrounding breast tissue | Invasive lobular carcinoma |
| It is the second most common type of invasive cancer, after IDC. From lobules→spread to surrounding breast tissue | Invasive lobular carcinoma |
| A malignant breast mass that is Often characterized by a more diffused growth pattern compared to IDC – single-file growth | Invasive lobular carcinoma |
| (INVASIVE DUCTAL CARCINOMA) - The protein ____________ acts like “cellular glue” - Tumors clump together in masses or lumps - Forms compact mass | E-Cadherin |
| (INVASIVE LOBULAR CARCINOMA) - >95% lack the protein E-Cadherin that enables clumping - Cells grow in ___ __ _____ - Line up after one another rather than forming a distinct clump - Due to the lack of protein | single file formation |
| - Is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer that accounts 1% - 5% of all breast cancers - causes the breast to appear swollen, red and inflamed | Inflammatory breast cancer |
| - The skin may look like an orange peel due to blocked lymph vessels - Grows quickly often within weeks/months - Early detection is very crucial | Inflammatory breast cancer |
| Described as a form of breast malignancy characterized by infiltration of the nipple epidermis by malignant cells | Paget’s disease of the nipple |
| - Breast malignancy - Typically involves the nipple and areola (breast skin) | Paget’s disease of the nipple |
| (MARGINS) - Refers to a breast mass with welldefined, smooth edges - Generally considered a characteristic of benign lesions | Circumscribed margin |
| (MARGINS) - The borders are clear and easily distinguishable from the surrounding breast tissue - The mass has sharp, well-demarcated margins - It does not blend into or invade the surrounding tissue | Circumscribed margin |
| (MARGINS) - refers to an abnormal area in the breast that appears as a lump or mass with indistinct or unclear boundaries | Ill-defined margin |
| (MARGINS) - Such masses can be concerning because these may indicate the presence of malignant cells infiltrating the surrounding tissue | Ill-defined margin |
| (MARGINS) - Harder to determine the exact size and shape of the mass - The margins appear to blend into adjacent breast tissue - May suggest possible infiltration of malignant cells into surrounding tissue | Ill-defined margin |
| (MARGINS) - Characterized by sharp, linear radiations extending from the edges of the mass resembling spikes | Spiculated margin |
| (MARGINS) - This appearance often associated with malignancy, as the spicules represent a mixture of tumor cells and fibrosis invading the surrounding normal tissue - Keyword: "spike" (sharp) | Spiculated margin |
| Refers to a region of uneven breast tissue density that appears on one view of the breast but not in the corresponding opposite view or in the other breast | Asymmetric density |
| This density can be seen in one part of the breast and is not necessarily symmetrical when compared to the opposite breast | Asymmetric density |
| - Usually caused by overlapping normal breast tissue - Represents an area that appears more opaque (whiter) compared to surrounding tissue - Is seen on a single view only | Asymmetric density |
| Refers to an area of an increased density in one of your breasts compared with the same quadrant in the other breast | Focal asymmetry |
| It must be smaller than a single quadrant in any area of the breast and appear on two or more views of the mammogram to be considered as a focal asymmetry | Focal asymmetry |
| - Be visible on two or more mammographic views - Be smaller than one quadrant of the breast | Focal asymmetry |
| - Represent a localized area that looks different from the surrounding breast tissue - Usually requires further evaluation or follow-up imaging to determine whether it is benign or suspicious. | Focal asymmetry |
| Refer to areas where small deposits of calcium have accumulated in the breast tissue | Calcifications |
| These appear as white spots or specks on the mammogram and can be seen in different sizes and patterns | Calcifications |
| These are large, coarse calcium deposits that appear as relatively large white spots or flecks | Macrocalcifications |
| - These have coarse or fragmented texture - >0.5mm in diameter - Easier to detect because of their larger size | Macrocalcifications |
| These are tiny, fine deposits of calcium that appear as small white specks or dots | Microcalcifications |
| These small calcium deposits are more challenging to identify than macrocalcifications due to their size but can still be seen on a mammogram, particularly if they form in a pattern or cluster | Microcalcifications |
| Calcifications that are <0.5mm in diameter and more difficult to detect than macrocalcifications | Microcalcifications |
| LOCATION - ___________: Occurring on one side of the body (e.g., in one breast). - ___________: Occurring on both sides of the body (e.g., in both breasts). - ___________: Having multiple separate areas of cysts within the same organ or tissue. | Unilateral : Bilateral : Multifocal |
| TUMOR SHAPES - ______ (oval/elliptical) : elongated, egg-shaped - ______(round/spherical) : perfectly round or nearly round - ______: uneven or poorly defined edges - ______: composed of multiple rounded projections or lobes | Ovoid : Circular : Irregular : Lobulated |
| TUMOR SHAPES - _______ (stellate) : radiating, star-like projections from the center - _______ : projecting outward like a polyp or mushroom shape - ______ : several connected lobes forming one mass | Spiculated : Polypoid : Multilobulated |
Created by:
yulyae