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Exam 2 Anatomical
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What ligaments provide rotary stability? | ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL |
| What are the phases of long jump and the contractions that go with them? | Approach phase- concentric Propulsion phase- concentric Flight phase- Isometric Landing phase- eccentric |
| What is the vastus group, and what is its origin, insertion, and action? | Vastus lateralis, medialis, and intermedius. Origin is in the linea aspera (Lateralis and medialis) and anterior femur shaft (intermedius). Insertion is in the tibial tuberosity . Action is knee extension |
| What are the prime movers of a deep squat ? | The gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis, medialis, intermedius, rectus femoris |
| Bones of the ankle | Tibia, fibula, and talus |
| Ankle ligaments | Deltoid ligament, anterior talofibuar (ATFL), calcaneofibular (PTFL), posterior talofibular (PTFL) |
| Prime movers of ankle movement | Dorsiflexion: Tibialis anterior Plantar flexion: Gastrocnemius and Soleus Inversion: Tibialis posterior and anterior Eversion: Fibularis longus and brevis |
| Analyze motion of knee joint when kicking a ball. Preparation and propulsion phases (Joint motion, muscles, contraction type) | Preparation phase: Joint motion- Knee flexion, Muscles- Hamstrings, Contraction- Concetric Propulsion phase: Joint motion- Knee extension, Muscles- Quadriceps, Contraction- Concentric |
| Why do ankle sprains occur so often? | Lateral ligaments are weaker than the medial deltoid ligament, inversion injuries are more common, talus is unstable in plantarflexion |
| Rotator cuff muscles origins and insertions | Supraspinatus: Supraspinous fossa of scapula, greater tubercle of humerus, abduction Infraspinatus: Infraspinous fossa, greater tubercle, ER Teres Minor: Subscapular fossa, lesser tubercle, IR |
| What are all the motions of the shoulder/glenohumeral joint | Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, horizontal abduction and adduction, IR, ER, and circumduction |
| Motions of the shoulder girdle | Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward rotation, downward rotation, anterior tilt, posterior tilt |
| Analyze the shoulder action of a pushup. What are the shoulder/joint motion muscles and contraction types? What are the shoulder girdle/scapula motion muscle and contraction types? | GH Joint: Horizontal adduction/abduction of the pectoralis major and anterior deltoid. Concetric/eccentric contraction. Shoulder girdle: Protraction/retraction of the serratus anterior. Concetric/Eccentric |
| Shoulder throwing motion- Preparation, propulsion, follow through. What are the prime movers for each phase? | Prep- Abd, ER, Hor abd of post deltoid, infraspinatus, & teres minor Prop- Hor add, IR, flexion of pec major, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, and anterior deltoid FT- Slowing IR and hor add of the infraspinatus, teres minor, and posterior deltoid |
| Analyze a shoulder joint and girdle and what their motions may be? Ex. shoulder drive | GH adduction and abduction. Shoulder girdle upward rotation, protraction, and retraction |
| Motions and bones of the wrist | Bones: Distal radius and proximal carpals (scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum) Motions: Flexion, extension, hyperextension, radial deviation, ulnar deviation, circumduction |
| Motions and bones of the hand | Bones: 8 carpals, 5 metacarpals, 14 phalanges Motions: (Fingers 2-5) Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, and adduction. (Thumb) Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, opposition, and reposition |
| Motions and bones of the forearm | Bones: Radius, ulna Motions: Pronation, supination |
| What are the elbow flexors? | Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis |
| What are the elbow extensors? | Triceps brachii |
| What are the forearm pronators? | Pronator teres and pronator quadratus |
| What are the wrist flexors? | Flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris |
| What are the wrist extensors? | Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, and extensor carpi ulnaris |
| Finger flexor | Flexor digitorum superficialis |
| Thumb flexor | Flexor pollicis longus |
| What muscles use opposition | Opponens pollicis and opponens digiti minimi |
| Shoulder-to-Elbow link muscle? | Coracobrachialis |
| Pelvic bones | Hip bone: Ilium, ischium, pubis Pelvic girdle: Right and left os coxae, sacrum, and coccyz |
| What is the angle of inclination? | (Angle between the femoral neck and shaft) Normal value: 125. Coxa valga: more than 125. Coxa vara: less than 125. Function: affects hip stability and force distribution |
| Prime movers of the hip for long jump | Approach: Iliopsoas and gluteus maximus (hip flexion and extension) Takeoff: Gluteus maximus |
| Prime movers of deep squat | Descent: Hip flexion controlled by the gluteus maximus Ascent: Hip extension moved by the gluteus maximus |
| Prime movers of jumping jacks | Outward phase: Gluteus medius and minimus Return phase: adductor group |
| Muscular analysis of fundamental hip movements | Flexion: iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius Extension: Gluteus maximus Abduction: Gluteus medius Adduction: Adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, gracilis IR: Gluteus medius, minimus, TFL ER: Gluteus maximus, piriformis, obturators |
| Muscular analysis of the hip for a forward lunge: Joint motion, muscles, and contraction | Descent: Hip flexion of the gluteus maximus with an eccentric contraction Ascent: Hip extension of the gluteus maximus with a concentric contraction |
| Primary hip extensor | Gluteus maximus |
| Primary hip abductor | Gluteus medius |
| Strongest hip flexor | Iliopsoas |
| Posterior adductor that assists extension | adductor magnus |
| What does the spinal column do? | Acts to protect internal organs, acts as a link for lower and upper extremities, acts as a motion segment for the trunk |
| Spinal curvature disorders | Kyphosis- Rounded upper back Lordosis- Sway back Scoliolis- Lateral curvature |
| Structure of the spinal column | Total vertebrae: 33 7 Cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 4 coccygeal |
| Regions of the spine | Cervical (c1-c7), thoracic (t1-t12), lumbar (l1-l5), and sacral |
| Cervical spine traits | small vertebrae, large vertebral foramen, transverse foramina, most mobile region. allows for flexion, extension, and rotation |
| Thoracic spine traits | Articulate with ribs, long spinous processes, limited mobility, primary rotation region |
| Lumbar spine traits | Largest vertebrae, thick bodies, primary weight-bearing, flexion and extension dominant |
| Sacral spine traits | 5 fused vertebrae, forms posterior pelvis, transmits body weight to lower limbs |
| Intervertebral disc structure and function | annulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus. helps with shock absorption, allows slight movement between vertebrae, and maintains spacing for spinal nerves |
| Trunk flexion muscles of the spinal column | Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique |
| Trunk extension muscles of the spinal column | Erector spinae group: Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis |
| Trunk rotation muscles of the spinal column | External oblique (contralateral rotation) Internal oblique (same side rotation) |
| Lateral flexion of the spinal column | Quadratus lumborum, obliques, and erector spinae |
| Deep stabilizers of the spinal column | transversus abdominis, multifidis |
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